AGREEMENT ON THE CONSERVATION OF AFRICAN‑EURASIAN MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS

THE CONTRACTING PARTIES,

RECALLING that the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979, encourages international cooperative action to conserve migratory species;

RECALLING further that the first meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention, held in Bonn in October 1985, instructed the Secretariat of the Convention to take appropriate measures to develop an Agreement on Western Palearctic Anatidae;

CONSIDERING that migratory waterbirds constitute an important part of the global biological diversity which, in keeping with the spirit of the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, and Agenda 21 should be conserved for the benefit of present and future generations;

AWARE of the economic, social, cultural and recreational benefits accruing from the taking of certain species of migratory waterbirds and of the environmental, ecological, genetic, scientific, aesthetic, recreational, cultural, educational, social and economic values of waterbirds in general;

CONVINCED that any taking of migratory waterbirds must be conducted on a sustainable basis, taking into account the conservation status of the species concerned over their entire range as well as their biological characteristics;

CONSCIOUS that migratory waterbirds are particularly vulnerable because they migrate over long distances and are dependent on networks of wetlands that are

decreasing in extent and becoming degraded through non‑sustainable human activities, as is expressed in the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971;

RECOGNIZING the need to take immediate action to stop the decline of migratory waterbird species and their habitats in the geographic area of the African‑Eurasian waterbird migration systems;

CONVINCED that the conclusion of a multilateral Agreement and its implementation through coordinated or concerted action will contribute significantly to the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats in the most efficient manner, and will have ancillary benefits for many other species of animals and plants; and

ACKNOWLEDGING that effective implementation of such an Agreement will require assistance to be provided to some Range States for research, training and monitoring of migratory waterbird species and their habitats, for the management of those habitats as well as for the establishment or improvement of scientific and administrative institutions for the implementation of this Agreement,

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS:

Article I

Scope, Definitions and Interpretation

1. The geographic scope of this Agreement is the area of the migration systems of African‑Eurasian waterbirds, as defined in Annex 1 to this Agreement, hereafter referred to as the “Agreement Area”.

2. For the purpose of this Agreement:

(a) “Convention” means the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979;

(b) “Convention Secretariat” means the body established under Article IX of the Convention;

(c) “Waterbirds” means those species of birds that are ecologically dependent on wetlands for at least part of their annual cycle, have a range which lies entirely or partly within the Agreement Area and are listed in Annex 2 to this Agreement;

(d) “Agreement secretariat” means the body established under Article VI, paragraph 7, subparagraph (b), of this Agreement;

(e) “Parties” means, unless the context otherwise indicates, Parties to this Agreement; and

(f) “Parties present and voting” means the Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote; those abstaining from voting shall not be counted amongst the Parties present and voting.

In addition, the terms defined in Article I, subparagraphs 1(a) to (k), of the Convention shall have the same meaning, mutatis mutandis, in this Agreement.

3. This Agreement is an AGREEMENT within the meaning of Article IV, paragraph 3, of the Convention.

4. The annexes to this Agreement form an integral part thereof. Any reference to the Agreement includes a reference to its annexes.

Article II

Fundamental Principles

1. Parties shall take co-ordinated measures to maintain migratory waterbird species in a favourable conservation status or restore them to such a status. To this end, they shall apply within the limits of their national jurisdiction the measures prescribed in Article III, together with the specific actions determined in the Action Plan provided for Article IV, of this Agreement.

2. In implementing the measures prescribed in paragraph 1 above, Parties should take into account the precautionary principle.

Article III

General Conservation Measures

1. The Parties shall take measures to conserve migratory waterbirds, giving special attention to endangered species as well as to those with an unfavourable conservation status.

2. To this end, the Parties shall:

(a) accord the same strict protection for endangered migratory waterbird species in the Agreement Area as is provided for under Article III, paragraphs 4 and 5, of the Convention;

(b) ensure that any use of migratory waterbirds is based on an assessment of the best available knowledge of their ecology and is sustainable for the species as well as for the ecological systems that support them;

(c) identify sites and habitats for migratory waterbirds occurring within their territory and encourage the protection, management, rehabilitation and restoration of these sites, in liaison with those bodies listed in Article IX, paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Agreement, concerned with habitat conservation;

(d) coordinate their efforts to ensure that a network of suitable habitats is maintained or, where appropriate, re‑established throughout the entire range of each migratory waterbird species concerned, in particular where wetlands extend over the area of more than one Party to this Agreement;

(e) investigate problems that are posed or are likely to be posed by human activities and endeavour to implement remedial measures, including habitat rehabilitation and restoration, and compensatory measures for loss of habitat;

(f) cooperate in emergency situations requiring international concerted action and in identifying the species of migratory waterbirds which are the most vulnerable to these situations as well as cooperate in developing appropriate emergency procedures to provide increased protection to these species in such situations and in the preparation of guidelines to assist individual Parties in tackling these situations;

(g) prohibit the deliberate introduction of non‑native waterbird species into the environment and take all appropriate measures to prevent the unintentional release of such species if this introduction or release would prejudice the conservation status of wild flora and fauna; when non‑native waterbird species have already been introduced, the Parties shall take all appropriate measures to prevent these species from becoming a potential threat to indigenous species;

(h) initiate or support research into the biology and ecology of migratory waterbirds including the harmonization of research and monitoring methods and, where appropriate, the establishment of joint or cooperative research and monitoring programmes;

(i) analyze their training requirements for, inter alia, migratory waterbird surveys, monitoring, ringing and wetland management to identify priority topics and areas for training and cooperate in the development and provision of appropriate training programmes;

(j) develop and maintain programmes to raise awareness and understanding of migratory waterbird conservation issues in general and of the particular objectives and provisions of this Agreement;

(k) exchange information and results from research, monitoring, conservation and education programmes; and

(l) cooperate with a view to assisting each other to implement this Agreement, particularly in the areas of research and monitoring.

Article IV

Action Plan and Conservation Guidelines

1. An Action Plan is appended as Annex 3 to this Agreement. It specifies actions which the Parties shall undertake in relation to priority species and issues, under the following headings, consistent with the general conservation measures specified in Article III of this Agreement:

(a) species conservation;

(b) habitat conservation;

(c) management of human activities;

(d) research and monitoring;

(e) education and information; and

(f) implementation.

2. The Action Plan shall be reviewed at each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties, taking into account the Conservation Guidelines.

3. Any amendment to the Action Plan shall be adopted by the Meeting of the Parties, taking into consideration the provisions of Article III of this Agreement.

4. The Conservation Guidelines shall be submitted to the Meeting of the Parties for adoption at its first session, and shall be regularly reviewed.

Article V

Implementation and Financing

1. Each Party shall:

(a) designate the Authority or Authorities to implement this Agreement which shall, inter alia, monitor all activities that may have impact on the conservation status of those migratory waterbird species of which the Party is a Range State;

(b) designate a contact point for the other Parties, and communicate without delay its name and address to the Agreement secretariat to be circulated forthwith to the other Parties; and

(c) prepare for each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties, beginning with the second session, a report on its implementation of the Agreement with particular reference to the conservation measures it has undertaken. The format of such reports shall be determined by the first session of the Meeting of the Parties and reviewed as may be necessary at any subsequent session of the Meeting of the Parties. Each report shall be submitted to the Agreement secretariat not less than one hundred and twenty days before the ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties for which it has been prepared, and copies shall be circulated forthwith to the other Parties by the Agreement secretariat.

2. (a) Each Party shall contribute to the budget of the Agreement in accordance with the United Nations scale of assessment. The contributions shall be restricted to a maximum of 25 per cent of the total budget for any Party that is a Range State. No regional economic integration organization shall be required to contribute more than 2.5 per cent of the administrative costs.

(b) Decisions relating to the budget and any changes to the scale of assessment that may be found necessary shall be adopted by the Meeting of the Parties by consensus.

3. The Meeting of the Parties may establish a conservation fund from voluntary contributions of Parties or from any other source for the purpose of financing monitoring, research, training and projects relating to the conservation, including protection and management, of migratory waterbirds.

4. Parties are encouraged to provide training and technical and financial support to other Parties on a multilateral or bilateral basis to assist them in implementing the provisions of this Agreement.

Article VI

Meeting of the Parties

1. The Meeting of the Parties shall be the decision-making body of this Agreement.

2. The Depositary shall, in consultation with the Convention Secretariat, convene a session of the Meeting of the Parties not later than one year after the date of the entry into force of this Agreement. Thereafter, the Agreement secretariat shall convene, in consultation with the Convention Secretariat, ordinary sessions of the Meeting of the Parties at intervals of not more than three years, unless the Meeting of the Parties decides otherwise. Where it is possible to do so, such sessions should be held in conjunction with the ordinary meetings of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention.

3. On the written request of at least one third of the Parties, the Agreement secretariat shall convene an extraordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties.

4. The United Nations, its Specialized Agencies, the International Atomic Energy Agency, any State not a Party to the Agreement, and the secretariats of international conventions concerned inter alia with the conservation, including protection and management, of migratory waterbirds may be represented by observers in sessions of the Meeting of the Parties. Any agency or body technically qualified in such conservation matters or in research on migratory waterbirds may also be represented at sessions of the Meeting of the Parties by observers, unless at least one third of the Parties present object.

5. Only Parties have the right to vote. Each Party shall have one vote, but regional economic integration organizations which are Parties to this Agreement shall, in matters within their competence, exercise their right to vote with a number of votes equal to the number of their Member States which are Parties to the Agreement. A regional economic integration organization shall not exercise its right to vote if its Member States exercise theirs, and vice versa.

6. Unless provided otherwise in this Agreement, decisions of the Meeting of the Parties shall be adopted by consensus or, if consensus cannot be achieved, by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting.

7. At its first session, the Meeting of the Parties shall:

(a) adopt its rules of procedure by consensus;

(b) establish an Agreement secretariat within the Convention Secretariat to perform the secretariat functions listed in Article VIII of this Agreement;

(c) establish the Technical Committee provided for in Article VII of this Agreement;

(d) adopt a format for the reports to be prepared according to Article V, paragraph 1, subparagraph (c), of this Agreement; and;

(e) adopt criteria to define emergency situations which require urgent conservation measures, and determine the modalities for assigning responsibility for action to be taken.

8. At each of its ordinary sessions, the Meeting of the Parties shall:

(a) consider actual and potential changes in the conservation status of migratory waterbirds and the habitats important for their survival, as well as the factors which may affect them;

(b) review the progress made and any difficulty encountered in the implementation of this Agreement;

(c) adopt a budget and consider any matters relating to the financial arrangements for this Agreement;

(d) deal with any matter relating to the Agreement secretariat and the membership of the Technical Committee;

(e) adopt a report for communication to the Parties to this Agreement and to the Conference of the Parties of the Convention; and

(f) determine the time and venue of the next session.

9. At any of its sessions, the Meeting of the Parties may:

(a) make recommendations to the Parties as it deems necessary or appropriate;

(b) adopt specific actions to improve the effectiveness of this Agreement and, as the case may be, emergency measures as provided for in Article VII, paragraph 4, of this Agreement;

(c) consider and decide upon proposals to amend this Agreement;

(d) amend the Action Plan in accordance with Article IV, paragraph 3, of this Agreement;

(e) establish such subsidiary bodies as it deems necessary to assist in the implementation of this Agreement, in particular for coordination with bodies established under other international treaties, conventions and agreements with overlapping geographic and taxonomic coverage; and

(f) decide on any other matter relating to the implementation of this Agreement.

Article VII

Technical Committee

1. The Technical Committee shall comprise:

(a) nine experts representing different regions of the Agreement Area, in accordance with a balanced geographical distribution;

(b) one representative from the International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), one from the International Waterfowl and Wetlands Research Bureau (IWRB) and one from the International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation (CIC); and

(c) one expert from each of the following fields: rural economics, game management, and environmental law.

The procedure for the appointment of the experts, the term of their appointment and the procedure for designation of the Chairman of the Technical Committee shall be determined by the Meeting of the Parties. The Chairman may admit a maximum of four observers from specialized international inter-governmental and non‑governmental organizations.

2. Unless the Meeting of the Parties decides otherwise, meetings of the Technical Committee shall be convened by the Agreement secretariat in conjunction with each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties and at least once between ordinary sessions of the Meeting of the Parties.

3. The Technical Committee shall:

(a) provide scientific and technical advice and information to the Meeting of the Parties and, through the Agreement secretariat, to Parties;

(b) make recommendations to the Meeting of the Parties concerning the Action Plan, implementation of the Agreement and further research to be carried out;

(c) prepare for each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties a report on its activities, which shall be submitted to the Agreement secretariat not less than one hundred and twenty days before the session of the Meeting of the Parties, and copies shall be circulated forthwith by the Agreement secretariat to the Parties; and

(d) carry out any other tasks referred to it by the Meeting of the Parties.

4. Where in the opinion of the Technical Committee there has arisen an emergency which requires the adoption of immediate measures to avoid deterioration of the conservation status of one or more migratory waterbird species, the Technical Committee may request the Agreement secretariat to convene urgently a meeting of the Parties concerned. These Parties shall meet as soon as possible thereafter to establish rapidly a mechanism to give protection to the species identified as being subject to particularly adverse threat. Where a recommendation has been adopted at such a meeting, the Parties concerned shall inform each other and the Agreement secretariat of measures they have taken to implement it, or of the reasons why the recommendation could not be implemented.

5. The Technical Committee may establish such working groups as may be necessary to deal with specific tasks.

Article VIII

Agreement Secretariat

The functions of the Agreement secretariat shall be:

(a) to arrange and service the sessions of the Meeting of the Parties as well as the meetings of the Technical Committee;

(b) to execute the decisions addressed to it by the Meeting of the Parties;

(c) to promote and coordinate activities under the Agreement, including the Action Plan, in accordance with decisions of the Meeting of the Parties;

(d) to liaise with non‑Party Range States and to facilitate coordination between the Parties and with international and national organizations, the activities of which are directly or indirectly relevant to the conservation, including protection and management, of migratory waterbirds;

(e) to gather and evaluate information which will further the objectives and implementation of the Agreement and to arrange for appropriate dissemination of such information;

(f) to invite the attention of the Meeting of the Parties to matters pertaining to the objectives of this Agreement;

(g) to circulate copies of the reports of the Authorities referred to in Article V, paragraph 1, subparagraph (a), of this Agreement and of the Technical Committee, along with copies of the reports it must provide pursuant to paragraph (h) of this Article, to each Party not less than sixty days before the commencement of each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties;

(h) to prepare, on an annual basis and for each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties, reports on the work of the secretariat and on the implementation of the Agreement;

(i) to administer the budget for the Agreement and, if established, its conservation fund;

(j) to provide information for the general public concerning the Agreement and its objectives; and

(k) to perform such other functions as may be entrusted to it under the Agreement or by the Meeting of the Parties.

Article IX

Relations with International Bodies dealing with Migratory Waterbirds

and their Habitats

The Agreement secretariat shall consult:

(a) on a regular basis, the Convention Secretariat and, where appropriate, the bodies responsible for the secretariat functions under Agreements concluded pursuant to Article IV, paragraphs 3 and 4, of the Convention which are relevant to migratory waterbirds, the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat, 1971, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, 1973, the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968, the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats, 1979, and the Convention on Biological Diversity, 1992, with a view to the Meeting of the Parties cooperating with the Parties to these conventions on all matters of common interest and, in particular, in the development and implementation of the Action Plan;

(b) the secretariats of other pertinent conventions and international instruments in respect of matters of common interest; and

(c) other organizations competent in the field of conservation, including protection and management, of migratory waterbirds and their habitats, as well as in the fields of research, education and awareness raising.

Article X

Amendment of the Agreement

1. This Agreement may be amended at any ordinary or extraordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties.

2. Proposals for amendment may be made by any Party.

3. The text of any proposed amendment and the reasons for it shall be communicated to the Agreement secretariat not less than one hundred and fifty days before the opening of the session. The Agreement secretariat shall transmit copies forthwith to the Parties. Any comments on the text by the Parties shall be communicated to the Agreement secretariat not less than sixty days before the opening of the session. The Secretariat shall, as soon as possible after the last day for submission of comments, communicate to the Parties all comments submitted by that day.

4. An amendment to the Agreement other than an amendment to its annexes shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of the Parties present and voting and shall enter into force for those Parties which have accepted it on the thirtieth day after the date on which two thirds of the Parties to the Agreement at the date of the adoption of the amendment have deposited their instruments of acceptance of the amendment with the Depositary. For each Party which deposits an instrument of acceptance after the date on which two thirds of the Parties have deposited their instruments of acceptance, the amendment shall enter into force on the thirtieth day after the date on which it deposits its instrument of acceptance.

5. Any additional annexes and any amendment to an annex shall be adopted by a two‑thirds majority of the Parties present and voting and shall enter into force for all Parties on the ninetieth day after the date of its adoption by the Meeting of the Parties, except for Parties which have entered a reservation in accordance with paragraph 6 of this Article.

6. During the period of ninety days provided for in paragraph 5 of this Article, any Party may by written notification to the Depositary enter a reservation with respect to an additional annex or an amendment to an annex. Such reservation may be withdrawn at any time by written

notification to the Depositary, and thereupon the additional annex or the amendment shall enter into force for that Party on the thirtieth day after the date of withdrawal of the reservation.

Article XI

Effect of this Agreement on International Conventions and Legislation

1. The provisions of this Agreement do not affect the rights and obligations of any Party deriving from existing international treaties, conventions or agreements.

2. The provisions of this Agreement shall in no way affect the right of any Party to maintain or adopt stricter measures for the conservation of migratory waterbirds and their habitats.

Article XII

Settlement of Disputes

1. Any dispute which may arise between two or more Parties with respect to the interpretation or application of the provisions of this Agreement shall be subject to negotiation between the Parties involved in the dispute.

2. If the dispute cannot be resolved in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article, the Parties may, by mutual consent, submit the dispute to arbitration, in particular that of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, and the Parties submitting the dispute shall be bound by the arbitral decision.

Article XIII

Signature, Ratification, Acceptance, Approval, Accession

1. This Agreement shall be open for signature by any Range State, whether or not areas under its jurisdiction lie within the Agreement Area, or regional economic integration organization, at least one member of which is a Range State, either by:

(a) signature without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval; or

(b) signature with reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval, followed by ratification, acceptance or approval.

2. This Agreement shall remain open for signature at The Hague until the date of its entry into force.

3. This Agreement shall be open for accession by any Range State or regional economic integration organization mentioned in paragraph 1 above on and after the date of entry into force of the Agreement.

4. Instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall be deposited with the Depositary.

Article XIV

Entry into Force

1. This Agreement shall enter into force on the first day of the third month after at least fourteen Range States or regional economic integration organizations, comprising at least seven from Africa and seven from Eurasia, have signed without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval, or have deposited their instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval in accordance with Article XIII of this Agreement.

2. For any Range State or regional economic integration organization which has:

(a) signed without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance, or approval;

(b) ratified, accepted, or approved; or

(c) acceded to

this Agreement after the date on which the number of Range States and regional economic integration organizations necessary to enable entry into force have signed it without reservation or have ratified, accepted or approved it, this Agreement shall enter into force on the first day of the third month following the signature without reservation, or deposit, by that State or organization, of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

Article XV

Reservations

The provisions of this Agreement shall not be subject to general reservations. However, a specific reservation may be entered by any State or regional economic integration organization on signature without reservation in respect of ratification, acceptance or approval or, as the case may be, on depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession in respect of any species covered by the Agreement or any specific provision of the Action Plan. Such a reservation may be withdrawn at any time by the State or regional economic integration organisation which had entered it, by notification

in writing to the Depositary; such a State or organization shall not be bound by the provisions which are the object of the reservation until thirty days after the date on which the reservation has been withdrawn.

Article XVI

Denunciation

Any Party may denounce this Agreement by written notification to the Depositary at any time. The denunciation shall take effect twelve months after the date on which the Depositary has received the notification.

Article XVII

Depositary

1. The original of this Agreement, in the Arabic, English, French and Russian languages, each version being equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Government of the Kingdom of the Netherlands which shall be the Depositary. The Depositary shall transmit certified copies of these versions to all States and regional economic integration organizations referred to in Article XIII, paragraph 1, of this Agreement, and to the Agreement secretariat after it has been established.

2. As soon as this Agreement enters into force, a certified copy thereof shall be transmitted by the Depositary to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

3. The Depositary shall inform all States and regional economic integration organizations that have signed or acceded to the Agreement, and the Agreement secretariat, of:

(a) any signature;

(b) any deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession;

(c) the date of entry into force of this Agreement and of any additional annex as well as of any amendment to the Agreement or to its annexes;

(d) any reservation with respect to an additional annex or to an amendment to an annex;

(e) any notification of withdrawal of a reservation; and

(f) any notification of denunciation of the Agreement.

The Depositary shall transmit to all States and regional economic integration organizations that have signed or acceded to this Agreement, and to the Agreement secretariat, the text of any reservation, of any additional annex and of any amendment to the Agreement or to its annexes.

In witness whereof the undersigned, being duly authorized to that effect, have signed this Agreement.

1 November 1999

Hague

Annex 1

Definition of the Agreement Area

The boundary of the Agreement area is defined as follows: from the North Pole south along the 130°W line of longitude to 75°N; thence east and southeast through Viscount Melville Sound, Prince Regent Inlet, the Gulf of Boothia, Foxe Basin, Foxe Channel and Hudson Strait to a point in the northwest Atlantic at 60°N, 60°W; thence southeast through the northwest Atlantic to a point at 50°N, 30°W; thence south along the 30°W line of longitude to 10°N; thence southeast to the Equator at 20°W; thence south along the 20°W line of longitude to 40°S; thence east along the 40°S line of latitude to 60°E; thence north along the 60°E line of longitude to 35°N; thence east-northeast on a great circle to a point in the western Altai at 49°N, 87°27’E; thence northeast on a great circle to the coast of the Arctic Ocean at 130°E; thence north along the 130°E line of longitude to the North Pole. The outline of the Agreement Area is illustrated on the following map.

Annex 1 a

Map of the Agreement Area

Annex 2

Waterbird species to which the Agreement applies¹

SPHENISCIDAE
Spheniscus demersus	African Penguin
GAVIIDAE
Gavia stellata	Red‑throated Diver
Gavia arctica	Black-throated Diver
Gavia immer	Great Northern Diver
Gavia adamsii	White‑billed Diver
PODICIPEDIDAE
Tachybaptus ruficollis	Little Grebe
Podiceps cristatus	Great Crested Grebe
Podiceps grisegena	Red‑necked Grebe
Podiceps auritus	Slavonian Grebe
Podiceps nigricollis	Black-necked Grebe
PELECANIDAE
Pelecanus onocrotalus	Great White Pelican
Pelecanus rufescens	Pink-backed Pelican
Pelecanus crispus	Dalmatian Pelican
SULIDAE
Sula (Morus) capensis	Cape Gannet
PHALACROCORACIDAE
Phalacrocorax coronatus	Crowned Cormorant
Phalacrocorax pygmeus	Pygmy Cormorant
Phalacrocorax neglectus	Bank Cormorant
Phalacrocorax carbo	Great Cormorant
Phalacrocorax nigrogularis	Socotra Cormorant
Phalacrocorax capensis	Cape Cormorant
ARDEIDAE
Egretta ardesiaca	Black Heron
Egretta vinaceigula	Slaty Egret
Egretta garzetta	Little Egret
Egretta gularis	Western Reef Egret
Egretta dimorpha	Mascarene Reef Egret
Ardea cinerea	Grey Heron
Ardea melanocephala	Black-headed Heron
Ardea purpurea	Purple Heron
Casmerodius albus	Great Egret
Mesophoyx intermedia	Intermediate Egret
Bubulcus ibis	Cattle Egret
Ardeola ralloides	Squacco Heron
Ardeola idae	Madagascar Pond‑Heron
Ardeola rufiventris	Rufous‑bellied Heron
Nycticorax nycticorax	Black-crowned Night-Heron
Ixobrychus minutus	Little Bittern
Ixobrychus sturmii	Dwarf Bittern
Botaurus stellaris	Great Bittern
CICONIIDAE
Mycteria ibis	Yellow‑billed Stork
Anastomus lamelligerus	African Openbill
Ciconia nigra	Black Stork
Ciconia abdimii	Abdim’s Stork
Ciconia episcopus	Woolly‑necked Stork
Ciconia ciconia	White Stork
Leptoptilos crumeniferus	Marabou Stork
BALAENICIPITIDAE
Balaeniceps rex	Shoebill
THRESKIORNITHIDAE
Plegadis falcinellus	Glossy Ibis
Geronticus eremita	Waldrapp
Threskiornis aethiopicus	Sacred Ibis
Platalea leucorodia	Eurasian Spoonbill
Platalea alba	African Spoonbill
PHOENICOPTERIDAE
Phoenicopterus ruber	Greater Flamingo
Phoenicopterus minor	Lesser Flamingo
ANATIDAE
Dendrocygna bicolor	Fulvous Whistling‑Duck
Dendrocygna viduata	White‑faced Whistling‑Duck
Thalassornis leuconotus	White‑backed Duck
Oxyura leucocephala	White‑headed Duck
Oxyura maccoa	Maccoa Duck
Cygnus olor	Mute Swan
Cygnus cygnus	Whooper Swan
Cygnus columbianus	Bewick’s Swan
Anser brachyrhynchus	Pink‑footed Goose
Anser fabalis	Bean Goose
Anser albifrons	Greater White‑fronted Goose
Anser erythropus	Lesser White‑fronted Goose
Anser anser	Greylag Goose
Branta leucopsis	Barnacle Goose
Branta bernicla	Brent Goose
Branta ruficollis	Red‑breasted Goose
Alopochen aegyptiacus	Egyptian Goose
Tadorna ferruginea	Ruddy Shelduck
Tadorna cana	South African Shelduck
Tadorna tadorna	Common Shelduck
Plectropterus gambensis	Spur‑winged Goose
Sarkidiornis melanotos	Comb Duck
Nettapus auritus	African Pygmy‑goose
Anas penelope	Eurasian Wigeon
Anas strepera	Gadwall
Anas crecca	Common Teal
Anas capensis	Cape Teal
Anas platyrhynchos	Mallard
Anas undulata	Yellow‑billed Duck
Anas acuta	Northern Pintail
Anas erythrorhyncha	Red‑billed Duck
Anas hottentota	Hottentot Teal
Anas querquedula	Garganey
Anas clypeata	Northern Shoveler
Marmaronetta angustirostris	Marbled Teal
Netta rufina	Red‑crested Pochard
Netta erythrophthalma	Southern Pochard
Aythya ferina	Common Pochard
Aythya nyroca	Ferruginous Pochard
Aythya fuligula	Tufted Duck
Aythya marila	Greater Scaup
Somateria mollissima	King Eider
Polysticta stelleri	Steller’s Eider
Clangula hyemalis	Long‑tailed Duck
Melanitta nigra	Common Scoter
Melanitta fusca	Velvet Scoter
Bucephala clangula	Common Goldeneye
Mergellus albellus	Smew
Mergus serrator	Red‑breasted Merganser
Mergus merganser	Goosander
GRUIDAE
Balearica pavonina	Black Crowned Crane
Balearica regulorum	Grey Crowned Crane
Grus leucogeranus	Siberian Crane
Grus virgo	Demoiselle Crane
Grus paradisea	Blue Crane
Grus carunculatus	Wattled Crane
Grus grus	Common Crane
RALLIDAE
Sarothrura elegans	Buff-spotted Flufftail
Sarothrura boehmi	Streaky‑breasted Flufftail
Sarothrura ayresi	White-winged Flufftail
Rallus aquaticus	Water Rail
Rallus caerulescens	African Rail
Crecopsis egregia	African Crake
Crex crex	Corncrake
Amaurornis flavirostris	Black Crake
Porzana parva	Little Crake
Porzana pusilla	Baillon’s Crake
Porzana porzana	Spotted Crake
Aenigmatolimnas marginalis	Striped Crake
Porphyrio alleni	Allen’s Gallinule
Gallinula chloropus	Common Moorhen
Gallinula angulata	Lesser Moorhen
Fulica cristata	Red-knobbed Coot
Fulica atra	Common Coot
DROMADIDAE
Dromas ardeola	Crab Plover
HAEMATOPODIDAE
Haematopus ostralegus	Eurasian Oystercatcher
Haematopus moquini	African Black Oystercatcher
RECURVIROSTRIDAE
Himantopus himantopus	Black‑winged Stilt
Recurvirostra avosetta	Pied Avocet
BURHINIDAE
Burhinus senegalensis	Senegal Thick-knee
GLAREOLIDAE
Pluvianus aegyptius	Egyptian Plover
Glareola pratincola	Collared Pratincole
Glareola nordmanni	Black‑winged Pratincole
Glareola ocularis	Madagascar Pratincole
Glareola nuchalis	Rock Pratincole
Glareola cinerea	Grey Pratincole
CHARADRIIDAE
Pluvialis apricaria	Eurasian Golden Plover
Pluvialis fulva	Pacific Golden Plover
Pluvialis squatarola	Grey Plover
Charadrius hiaticula	Common Ringed Plover
Charadrius dubius	Little Ringed Plover
Charadrius pecuarius	Kittlitz’s Plover
Charadrius tricollaris	Three‑banded Plover
Charadrius forbesi	Forbes’s Plover
Charadrius pallidus	Chestnut‑banded Plover
Charadrius alexandrinus	Kentish Plover
Charadrius marginatus	White‑fronted Plover
Charadrius mongolus	Mongolian Plover
Charadrius leschenaultii	Greater Sandplover
Charadrius asiaticus	Caspian Plover
Eudromias morinellus	Eurasian Dotterel
Vanellus vanellus	Northern Lapwing
Vanellus spinosus	Spur‑winged Plover
Vanellus albiceps	White‑headed Lapwing
Vanellus senegallus	Wattled Lapwing
Vanellus lugubris	Senegal Lapwing
Vanellus melanopterus	Black‑winged Lapwing
Vanellus coronatus	Crowned Lapwing
Vanellus superciliosus	Brown‑chested Lapwing
Vanellus gregarius	Sociable Plover
Vanellus leucurus	White‑tailed Plover
SCOLOPACIDAE
Scolopax rusticola	Eurasian Woodcock
Gallinago stenura	Pintail Snipe
Gallinago media	Great Snipe
Gallinago gallinago	Common Snipe
Lymnocryptes minimus	Jack Snipe
Limosa limosa	Black‑tailed Godwit
Limosa lapponica	Bar‑tailed Godwit
Numenius phaeopus	Whimbrel
Numenius tenuirostris	Slender‑billed Curlew
Numenius arquata	Eurasian Curlew
Tringa erythropus	Spotted Redshank
Tringa totanus	Common Redshank
Tringa stagnatilis	Marsh Sandpiper
Tringa nebularia	Common Greenshank
Tringa ochropus	Green Sandpiper
Tringa glareola	Wood Sandpiper
Tringa cinerea	Terek Sandpiper
Tringa hypoleucos	Common Sandpiper
Arenaria interpres	Ruddy Turnstone
Calidris tenuirostris	Great Knot
Calidris canutus	Red Knot
Calidris alba	Sanderling
Calidris minuta	Little Stint
Calidris temminckii	Temminck’s Stint
Calidris maritima	Purple Sandpiper
Calidris alpina	Dunlin
Calidris ferruginea	Curlew Sandpiper
Limicola falcinellus	Broad‑billed Sandpiper
Philomachus pugnax	Ruff
Phalaropus lobatus	Red‑necked Phalarope
Phalaropus fulicaria	Grey Phalarope
LARIDAE
Larus leucophthalmus	White-eyed Gull
Larus hemprichii	Sooty Gull
Larus canus	Common Gull
Larus audouinii	Audouin’s Gull
Larus marinus	Great Black-backed Gull
Larus dominicanus	Kelp Gull
Larus hyperboreus	Glaucous Gull
Larus glaucoides	Iceland Gull
Larus argentatus	Herring Gull
Larus heuglini	Heuglin’s Gull
Larus armenicus	Armenian Gull
Larus cachinnans	Yellow-legged Gull
Larus fuscus	Lesser Black-backed Gull
Larus ichthyaetus	Great Black‑headed Gull
Larus cirrocephalus	Grey-headed Gull
Larus hartlaubii	Hartlaub’s Gull
Larus ridibundus	Common Black-headed Gull
Larus genei	Slender‑billed Gull
Larus melanocephalus	Mediterranean Gull
Larus minutus	Little Gull
Xema sabini	Sabine’s Gull
Sterna nilotica	Gull‑billed Tern
Sterna caspia	Caspian Tern
Sterna maxima	Royal Tern
Sterna bengalensis	Lesser Crested Tern
Sterna bergii	Great Crested Tern
Sterna sandvicensis	Sandwich Tern
Sterna dougallii	Roseate Tern
Sterna vittata	Antarctic Tern
Sterna hirundo	Common Tern
Sterna paradisaea	Arctic Tern
Sterna albifrons	Little Tern
Sterna saundersi	Saunders’s Tern
Sterna balaenarum	Damara Tern
Sterna repressa	White‑cheeked Tern
Chlidonias hybridus	Whiskered Tern
Chlidonias leucopterus	White‑winged Tern
Chlidonias niger	Black Tern
RYNCHOPIDAE
Rynchops flavirostris	African Skimmer

¹ As adopted at the Second session of the Meeting of the Parties, which took place from 25-27 September 2002, Bonn, Germany.

Annex 3

Action plan ²

1. Field of Application

1.1 The Action Plan is applicable to the populations of migratory waterbirds listed in Table 1 to this Annex (hereafter referred to as “Table 1”).

1.2 Table 1 forms an integral part of this Annex. Any reference to this Action Plan includes a reference to Table1.

2. Species Conservation

2.1 Legal measures

2.1.1 Parties with populations listed in column A of Table 1 shall provide protection to those populations listed in accordance with Article III, paragraph 2(a), of this Agreement. Such Parties shall in particular and subject to paragraph 2.1.3 below:

(a) prohibit the taking of birds and eggs of those populations occurring in their territory;

(b) prohibit deliberate disturbance in so far as such disturbance would be significant for the conservation of the population concerned; and

(c) prohibit the possession or utilization of, and trade in, birds or eggs of those populations which have been taken in contravention of the prohibitions laid down pursuant to subparagraph (a) above, as well as the possession or utilization of, and trade in, any readily recognizable parts or derivatives of such birds and their eggs.

By way of exception for those populations listed in Categories 2 and 3 in Column A only and which are marked by an asterisk, hunting may continue on a sustainable use basis where hunting of such populations is a long-established cultural practice. This sustainable use shall be conducted within the framework of special provisions of a species action plan at the appropriate international level.

2.1.2 Parties with populations listed in Table 1 shall regulate the taking of birds and eggs of all populations listed in column B of Table 1. The object of such legal measures shall be to maintain or contribute to the restoration of those populations to a favourable conservation status and to ensure, on the basis of the best available knowledge of population dynamics, that any taking or other use is sustainable. Such legal measures, subject to paragraph 2.1.3 below, shall in particular:

(a) prohibit the taking of birds belonging to the populations concerned during their various stages of reproduction and rearing and during their return to their breeding grounds if the taking has an unfavourable impact on the conservation status of the population concerned;

(b) regulate the modes of taking;

(c) establish limits on taking, where appropriate, and provide adequate controls to ensure that these limits are observed; and

(d) prohibit the possession or utilization of, and trade in, birds and eggs of the populations which have been taken in contravention of any prohibition laid down pursuant to the provisions of this paragraph, as well as the possession or utilization of, and trade in, any parts of such birds and their eggs.

2.1.3 Parties may grant exemptions to the prohibitions laid down in paragraphs 2.1.1 and 2.1.2, irrespective of the provisions of Article III, paragraph 5, of the Convention, where there is no other satisfactory solution, for the following purposes:

(a) to prevent serious damage to crops, water and fisheries;

(b) in the interests of air safety or other overriding public interests;

(c) for the purpose of research and education, of re-establishment and for the breeding necessary for these purposes;

(d) to permit under strictly supervised conditions, on a selective basis and to a limited extent, the taking and keeping or other judicious use of certain birds in small numbers; and

(e) for the purpose of enhancing the propagation or survival of the populations concerned.

Such exemptions shall be precise as to content and limited in space and time and shall not operate to the detriment of the populations listed in Table 1. Parties shall as soon as possible inform the Agreement secretariat of any exemptions granted pursuant to this provision.

2.2 Single Species Action Plans

2.2.1 Parties shall cooperate with a view to developing and implementing international single species action plans for populations listed in Category 1 of Column A of Table 1 as a priority and for those populations listed with an asterisk in Column A of Table 1. The Agreement secretariat shall coordinate the development, harmonization and implementation of such plans.

2.2.2 Parties shall prepare and implement national single species action plans for the populations listed in Column A of Table 1 with a view to improving their overall conservation status. This action plan shall include special provisions for those populations marked with an asterisk. When appropriate, the problem of accidental killing of birds by hunters as a result of incorrect identification of the species should be considered.

2.3 Emergency Measures

Parties shall, in close cooperation with each other whenever possible and relevant, develop and implement emergency measures for populations listed in Table 1, when exceptionally unfavourable or endangering conditions occur anywhere in the Agreement Area.

2.4 Re-establishments

Parties shall exercise the greatest care when re-establishing populations listed in Table 1 into parts of their traditional range where they no longer exist. They shall endeavour to develop and follow a detailed re-establishment plan based on appropriate scientific studies. Re-establishment plans should constitute an integral part of national and, where appropriate, international single species action plans. A re-establishment plan should include assessment of the impact on the environment and shall be made widely available. Parties shall inform the Agreement secretariat, in advance, of all re-establishment programme for populations listed in Table 1.

2.5 Introductions

2.5.1 Parties shall, if they consider it necessary, prohibit the introduction of non-native species of animals and plants which may be detrimental to the populations listed in Table 1.

2.5.2 Parties shall, if they consider it necessary, require the taking of appropriate precautions to avoid the accidental escape of captive birds belonging to non-native species.

2.5.3 Parties shall take measures to the extent feasible and appropriate, including taking, to ensure that when non-native species or hybrids thereof have already been introduced into their territory, those species or their hybrids do not pose a potential hazard to the populations listed in Table 1.

3. Habitat Conservation

3.1 Habitat Inventories

3.1.1 Parties, in liaison where appropriate with competent international organizations, shall undertake and publish national inventories of the habitats within their territory which are important to the populations listed in Table1.

3.1.2 Parties shall endeavour, as a matter of priority, to identify all sites of international or national importance for populations listed in Table1.

3.2 Conservation of Areas

3.2.1 Parties shall endeavour to continue establishing protected areas to conserve habitats important for the populations listed in Table 1, and to develop and implement management plans for these areas.

3.2.2 Parties shall endeavour to give special protection to those wetlands which meet internationally accepted criteria of international importance.

3.2.3 Parties shall endeavour to make wise and sustainable use of all of the wetlands in their territory. In particular they shall endeavour to avoid degradation and loss of habitats that support populations listed in Table 1 through the introduction of appropriate regulations or standards and control measures. In particular, they shall endeavour to:

(a) ensure, where practicable, that adequate statutory controls are in place, relating to the use of agricultural chemicals, pest control procedures and the disposal of waste water, which are in accordance with international norms, for the purpose of minimizing their adverse impacts on the populations listed in Table 1; and

(b) prepare and distribute information materials, in the appropriate languages, describing such regulations, standards and control measures in force and their benefits to people and wildlife.

3.2.4 Parties shall endeavour to develop strategies, according to an ecosystem approach, for the conservation of the habitats of all populations listed in Table 1, including the habitats of those populations that are dispersed.

3.3 Rehabilitation and Restoration

Parties shall endeavour to rehabilitate or restore, where feasible and appropriate, areas which were previously important for the populations listed in Table 1.

4. Management of Human Activities

4.1 Hunting

4.1.1 Parties shall cooperate to ensure that their hunting legislation implements the principle of sustainable use as envisaged in this Action Plan, taking into account the full geographical range of the waterbird populations concerned and their life history characteristics.

2.2.2 The Agreement secretariat shall be kept informed by the Parties of their legislation relating to the hunting of populations listed in Table 1.

4.1.3 Parties shall cooperate with a view to developing a reliable and harmonized system for the collection of harvest data in order to assess the annual harvest of populations listed in Table 1. They shall provide the Agreement secretariat with estimates of the total annual take for each population, when available.

4.1.4 Parties shall endeavour to phase out the use of lead shot for hunting in wetlands by the year 2000.

4.1.5 Parties shall develop and implement measures to reduce, and as far as possible eliminate, the use of poisoned baits.

4.1.6 Parties shall develop and implement measures to reduce, and as far as possible eliminate, illegal taking.

4.1.7 Where appropriate, Parties shall encourage hunters, at local, national and international levels, to form clubs or organizations to coordinate their activities and to help ensure sustainability.

4.1.8 Parties shall, where appropriate, promote the requirement of a proficiency test for hunters, including among other things, bird identification.

4.2 Eco-tourism

4.2.1 Parties shall encourage, where appropriate but not in the case of core zones of protected areas, the elaboration of cooperative programmes between all concerned to develop sensitive and appropriate eco-tourism at wetlands holding concentrations of populations listed in Table 1.

4.2.2 Parties, in cooperation with competent international organisations, shall endeavour to evaluate the costs, benefits and other consequences that can result from eco-tourism at selected wetlands with concentrations of populations listed in Table 1. They shall communicate the results of any such evaluations to the Agreement secretariat.

4.3 Other Human Activities

4.3.1 Parties shall assess the impact of proposed projects which are likely to lead to conflicts between populations listed in Table 1 that are in the areas referred to in paragraph 3.2 and human interests, and shall make the results of the assessment publicly available.

4.3.2 Parties shall endeavour to gather information on the damage, in particular to crops and to fisheries, caused by populations listed in Table 1, and report the results to the Agreement secretariat.

3.3.3 Parties shall cooperate with a view to identifying appropriate techniques to minimize damage, or to mitigate the effects of damage, in particular to crops and to fisheries, caused by populations listed in Table 1, drawing on the experience gained elsewhere in the world.

4.3.4 Parties shall cooperate with a view to developing single species action plans for populations which cause significant damage, in particular to crops and to fisheries. The Agreement secretariat shall coordinate the development and harmonization of such plans.

4.3.5 Parties shall, as far as possible, promote high environmental standards in the planning and construction of structures to minimize their impact on populations listed in Table 1. They should consider steps to minimize the impact of structures already in existence where it becomes evident that they constitute a negative impact for the populations concerned.

4.3.6 In cases where human disturbance threatens the conservation status of waterbird populations listed in Table1, Parties should endeavour to take measures to limit the level of threat. Special attention should be given to problem of human disturbance at breeding colonies of colonially-nesting waterbirds, especially when they are situated in the areas which are popular for outdoor recreation. Appropriate measures might include, inter alia, the establishment of disturbance-free zones in protected areas where public access is not permitted.

5. Research and Monitoring

5.1 Parties shall endeavour to carry out survey work in poorly known areas, which may hold important concentrations of the populations listed in Table 1. The results of such surveys shall be disseminated widely.

5.2 Parties shall endeavour to monitor the populations listed in Table 1. The results of such monitoring shall be published or sent to appropriate international organizations, to enable reviews of population status and trends.

5.3 Parties shall cooperate to improve the measurement of bird population trends as a criterion for describing the status of such populations.

5.4 Parties shall cooperate with a view to determining the migration routes of all populations listed in Table 1, using available knowledge of breeding and non-breeding season distributions and census results, and by participating in coordinated ringing programmes.

5.5 Parties shall endeavour to initiate and support joint research projects into the ecology and population dynamics of populations listed in Table 1 and their habitats, in order to determine their specific requirements as well as the techniques which are the most appropriate for their conservation and management.

5.6 Parties shall endeavour to undertake studies on the effects of wetland loss and degradation and disturbance on the carrying capacity of wetlands used by the populations listed in Table 1 and on the migration patterns of such populations.

5.7 Parties shall endeavour to undertake studies on the impact of hunting and trade on the populations listed in Table 1 and on the importance of these forms of utilization to the local and national economy.

5.8 Parties shall endeavour to cooperate with relevant international organisations and to support research and monitoring projects.

6. Education and Information

6.1 Parties shall, where necessary, arrange for training programmes to ensure that personnel responsible for the implementation of this Action Plan have an adequate knowledge to implement it effectively.

6.2 Parties shall cooperate with each other and the Agreement secretariat with a view to developing training programmes and exchanging resource materials.

6.3 Parties shall endeavour to develop programmes, information materials and mechanisms to improve the level of awareness of the general public with regard to the objectives, provisions and contents of this Action Plan. In this regard, particular attention shall be given to those people living in and around important wetlands, to users of these wetlands (hunters, fishermen, tourists, etc.) and to local authorities and other decision makers.

6.4 Parties shall endeavour to undertake specific public awareness campaigns for the conservation of the populations listed in Table 1.

7. Implementation

7.1 When implementing this Action Plan, Parties shall, when appropriate, give priority to those populations listed in Column A of Table 1.

7.2 Where, in the case of populations listed in Table 1, more than one population of the same species occurs on the territory of a Party, that Party shall apply conservation measures appropriate to the population or populations that have the poorest conservation status.

7.3 The Agreement secretariat, in coordination with the Technical Committee and with the assistance of experts from Range States, shall coordinate the development of conservation guidelines in accordance with Article IV, paragraph 4, of this Agreement to assist the Parties in the implementation of this Action Plan. The Agreement secretariat shall ensure, where possible, coherence with guidelines approved under other international instruments. These conservation guidelines shall aim at introducing the principle of sustainable use. They shall cover, inter alia:

(a) single species action plans;

(b) emergency measures;

(c) preparation of site inventories and habitat management methods;

(d) hunting practices;

(e) trade in waterbirds;

(f) tourism;

(g) reducing crop damage; and

(h) a waterbird monitoring protocol.

7.4 The Agreement secretariat, in coordination with the Technical Committee and the Parties, shall prepare a series of international reviews necessary for the implementation of this Action Plan, including:

(a) reports on the status and trends of populations;

(b) gaps in information from surveys;

(c) the networks of sites used by each population, including reviews of the protection status of each site as well as of the management measures taken in each case;

(d) pertinent hunting and trade legislation in each country relating to the species listed in Annex 2 to this Agreement;

(e) the stage of preparation and implementation of single species action plans;

(f) re-establishment projects; and

(g) the status of introduced non-native waterbird species and hybrids thereof.

7.5 The Agreement secretariat shall endeavour to ensure that the reviews mentioned in paragraph 7.4 are updated at intervals of not more than three years.

7.6 The Technical Committee shall assess the guidelines and reviews prepared under paragraphs 7.3 and 7.4, and shall formulate draft recommendations and resolutions relating to their development, content and implementation for consideration at sessions of the Meeting of the Parties.

7.7 The Agreement secretariat shall regularly undertake a review of potential mechanisms for providing additional resources (funds and technical assistance) for the implementation of this Action Plan, and shall make a report to each ordinary session of the Meeting of the Parties.

² As adopted at the Second session of the Meeting of the Parties, which took place from 25-27 September 2002, Bonn, Germany.

Table 1

STATUS OF THE POPULATIONS OF MIGRATORY WATERBIRDS³

KEY TO CLASSIFICATION

The following key to Table 1 is a basis for implementation of the Action Plan:

Column A
Category 1:	(a) Species which are included in Appendix I to the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory species of Wild Animals;
	(b) Species which are listed as threatened in Threatened Birds of the World (BirdLife International 2000); or
	(c) Populations, which number less than around 10,000 individuals.
Category 2:	Populations numbering between around 10,000 and around 25,000 individuals.
Category 3:	Populations numbering between around 25,000 and around 100,000 individuals and considered to be at risk as a result of:
	(a) Concentration onto a small number of sites at any stage of their annual cycle;
	(b) Dependence on a habitat type, which is under severe threat;
	(c) Showing significant long-term decline; or
	(d) Showing extreme fluctuations in population size or trend.
For species listed in categories 2 and 3 above, see paragraph 2.1.1 of the Action Plan contained in Annex 3 to the Agreement.
Column B
Category 1:	Populations numbering between around 25,000 and around 100,000 individuals and which do not fulfil the conditions in respect of column A, as described above.
Category 2:	Populations numbering more than around 100,000 individuals and considered to be in need of special attention as a result of:
	(a) Concentration onto a small number of sites at any stage of their annual cycle;
	(b) Dependence on a habitat type, which is under severe threat;
	(c) Showing significant long-term decline; or
	(d) Showing extreme fluctuations in population size or trend.
Column C
Category 1:	Populations numbering more than around 100,000 individuals which could significantly benefit from international cooperation and which do not fulfil the conditions in respect of either column A or column B, above.

³ As adopted at the Second session of the Meeting of the Parties, which took place from 25-27 September 2002, Bonn, Germany.

REVIEW OF TABLE 1

The Table shall be:

(a) Reviewed regularly by the Technical Committee in accordance with article VII, paragraph 3(b), of the Agreement; and

(b) Amended as necessary by the Meeting of the Parties, in accordance with article VI, paragraph 9(d) of the Agreement, in light of the conclusions of such reviews.

DEFINITION OF GEOGRAPHICAL TERMS USED IN RANGE DESCRIPTIONS

North Africa	Algeria, Egypt, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Morocco, Tunisia.
West Africa	Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, the Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo.
Eastern Africa	Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Uganda, the United Republic of Tanzania.
North-east Africa	Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, Sudan.
Southern Africa	Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe.
Central Africa	Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Sao Tome and Principe.
Sub-Saharan Africa	All African states south of the Sahara.
Tropical Africa	Sub-Saharan Africa excluding Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa and Swaziland.
Western Palearctic	As defined in Handbook of the Birds of Europe, the Middle East and North Africa (Cramp & Simmons 1977).
North-west Europe	Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
Western Europe	North-west Europe with Portugal and Spain.
North-east Europe	The northern part of the Russian Federation west of the Urals.
Eastern Europe	Belarus, the Russian Federation west of the Urals, Ukraine.
Central Europe	Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Poland, the Russian Federation around the Gulf of Finland and Kaliningrad, Slovakia, Switzerland.
North Atlantic	Faroes, Greenland, Iceland, Ireland, Norway, the north-west coast of the Russian Federation, Svalbard, the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
East Atlantic	Atlantic seaboard of Europe and North Africa from northern Nor­way to Morocco.
Western Siberia	The Russian Federation east of the Urals to the Yenisey River and south to the Kazakhstan border.
Central Siberia	The Russian Federation from the Yenisey River to the eastern boundary of the Taimyr Peninsula and south to the Altai Mountains.
West Mediterranean	Algeria, France, Italy, Malta, Monaco, Morocco, Portugal, San Marino, Spain, Tunisia.
East Mediterranean	Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Cyprus, Egypt, Greece, Israel, Lebanon, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Slovenia, the Syrian Arab Republic, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey, Yugoslavia.
Black Sea	Armenia, Bulgaria, Georgia, Republic of Moldova, Romania, the Russian Federation, Turkey, Ukraine.
Caspian	Azerbaijan, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
South-west Asia	Bahrain, Iran (Islamic Republic of), Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the Syrian Arab Republic, eastern Turkey, Turkmenistan, the United Arab Emirates, Uzbekistan, Yemen.
Western Asia	Western parts of the Russian Federation east of the Urals and the Caspian countries.
Central Asia	Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.
Southern Asia	Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka.

KEY TO ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

bre:	breeding	win:	wintering
N:	Northern	E:	Eastern
S:	Southern	W:	Western
NE:	North-eastern	NW:	North-western
SE:	South-eastern	SW:	South-western

() Population status unknown. Conservation status estimated.

* By way of exception for those populations marked by an asterisk, hunting may continue on a sustainable use basis where hunting of such populations is a long-established cultural practice (see paragraph 2.1.1 of Annex 3 to the Agreement).

NOTES

1. The population data used to compile Table 1 as far as possible correspond to the number of individuals in the potential breeding stock in the Agreement area. The status is based on the best available published population estimates.

2. Suffixes (bre) or (win) in population listings are solely aids to population identification. They do not indicate seasonal restrictions to actions in respect of these populations under the Agreement and Action Plan.

3. The brief descriptions used to identify the populations are based on the descriptions used in the third edition of Waterbird Population Estimates.

4. Slash signs (/) are used to separate breeding areas from wintering areas.

5. Where a species’ population is listed in Table 1 with multiple categorisation, the obligations of the Action Plan relate to the strictest category listed.