Convention on International Trade

in Endangered Species

of Wild Fauna and Flora

Signed at Washington, D.C., on 3 March 1973

Amended at Bonn, on 22 June 1979

The Contracting States,

Recognizing that wild fauna and flora in their many beautiful and varied forms are an irreplaceable part of natural systems of the earth which must be protected for this and the generations to come;

Conscious of the ever-growing value of wild fauna and flora from aesthetic, scientific, cultural, recreational and economic points of view;

Recognizing that peoples and States are and should be the best protectors of their own wild fauna and flora;

Recognizing , in addition, that international cooperation is essential for the protection of certain species of wild fauna and flora against over-exploitation through international trade;

Convinced of the urgency of taking appropriate measures to this end;

Have agreed as follows:

Article I

Definitions

For the purpose of the present Convention, unless the context otherwise requires:

a) “Species” means any species, subspecies, or geographically separate population thereof;

b) “Specimen” means:

i) any animal or plant, whether alive or dead;

ii) in the case of an animal: for species included in Appendices I and II, any readily recognizable part or derivative thereof; and for species included in Appendix III, any readily recognizable part or derivative thereof specified in Appendix III in relation to the species; and

iii) in the case of a plant: for species included in Appendix I, any readily recognizable part or derivative thereof; and for species included in Appendices II and III, any readily recognizable part or derivative thereof specified in Appendices II and III in relation to the species;

c) “Trade” means export, re-export, import and introduction from the sea;

d) “Re-export” means export of any specimen that has previously been imported;

e) “Introduction from the sea” means transportation into a State of specimens of any species which were taken in the marine environment not under the jurisdiction of any State;

f) “Scientific Authority” means a national scientific authority designated in accordance with Article IX;

g) “Management Authority” means a national management authority designed in accordance with Article IX;

h) “Party” means a State for which the present Convention has entered into force.

Article II

Fundamental Principles

1. Appendix I shall include all species threatened with extinction which are or may be affected by trade. Trade in specimens of these species must be subject to particularly strict regulation in order not to endanger further their survival and must only be authorised in exceptional circumstances.

2. Appendix II shall include:

a) all species which although not necessarily now threatened with extinction may become so unless trade in specimens of such species is subject to strict regulation in order to avoid utilization incompatible with their survival; and

b) other species which must be subject to regulation in order that trade in specimens of certain species referred to in sub-paragraph (a) of this paragraph may be brought under effective control.

3. Appendix III shall include all species which any Party identifies as being subject to regulation within its jurisdiction for the purpose of preventing or restricting exploitation, and as needing the co-operation of other Parties in the control of trade.

4. The Parties shall not allow trade in specimens of species included in Appendices I, II and III except in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention.

Article III

Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species included in Appendix I

1. All trade in specimens of species included in Appendix I shall be in accordance with the provisions of this Article.

2. The export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix I shall require the prior grant and presentation of an export permit. An export permit shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met:

a) a Scientific Authority of the State of export has advised that such export will not be detrimental to the survival of that species;

b) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any living specimen was not obtained in contravention of the laws of that State for the protection of fauna and flora;

c) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any living specimen will be so prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment; and

d) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that an import permit has been granted for the specimen.

3. The import of any specimen of a species included in Appendix I shall require the prior grant and presentation of an import permit and either an export permit or re-export certificate. an import permit shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met:

a) a Scientific Authority of the state of import has advised that the import will be for purposes which are not detrimental to the survival of the species involved;

b) a Scientific Authority of the State of import is satisfied that the proposed recipient of a living specimen is suitably equipped to house and care for it; and

c) a Management Authority of the State of import is satisfied that the specimen is not to be used for primarily commercial purposes.

4. The re-export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix I shall require the prior grant and presentation of a re-export certificate. A re-export certificate shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met:

a) a Management Authority of the State of re-export is satisfied that the specimen was imported into that State in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention;

b) a Management Authority of the State of re-export is satisfied that any living specimen will be so prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment; and

c) a Management Authority of the State of re-export is satisfied that an import permit has been granted for any living specimen.

5. The introduction from the sea of any specimen of a species included in Appendix I shall require the prior grant of a certificate from a Management Authority of the State of introduction. A certificate shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met:

a) a Scientific Authority of the State of introduction advises that the introduction will not be detrimental to the survival of the species involved;

b) a Management Authority of the State of introduction is satisfied that the proposed recipient of a living specimen is suitably equipped to house and care for it; and

c) a Management Authority of the State of introduction is satisfied that the specimen is not to be used for primarily commercial purposes.

Article IV

Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix II

1. All trade in specimens of species included in Appendix II shall be in accordance with the provisions of this Article.

2. The export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix II shall require the prior grant and presentation of an export permit. An export permit shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met;

a) a Scientific Authority of the State of export has advised that such export will not be detrimental to the survival of that species;

b) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that the specimen was not obtained in contravention of the laws of that State for the protection of fauna and flora; and

c) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any living specimen will be so prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.

3. A Scientific Authority in each Party shall monitor both the export permits granted by that State for specimens of species included in Appendix II and the actual exports of such specimens. Whenever a Scientific Authority determines that the export of specimens of any such species should be limited in order to maintain that species throughout its range at a level consistent with its role in the ecosystems in which it occurs and well above the level at which that species might become eligible for inclusion in Appendix I, the Scientific Authority shall advise the appropriate Management Authority of suitable measures to be taken to limit the grant of export permits for specimens of that species.

4. The import of any specimen of a species included in Appendix II shall require the prior presentation of either an export permit or a re-export certificate.

5. The re-export of any specimen of a species included in Appendix II shall require the prior grant and presentation of a re-export certificate. A re-export certificate shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met:

a) a Management Authority of the State of re-export is satisfied that the specimen was imported into that State in accordance with the provisions of the present Convention; and

b) a Management Authority of the State of re-export is satisfied that any living specimen will be so prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.

6. The introduction from the sea of any specimen of a species included in Appendix II shall require the prior grant of a certificate from a Management Authority of the State of introduction. A certificate shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met:

a) a Scientific Authority of the State of introduction advises that the introduction will not be detrimental to the survival of the species involved; and

b) a Management Authority of the State of introduction is satisfied that any living specimen will be so handled as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.

7. Certificates referred to in paragraph 6 of this Article may be granted on the advice of a Scientific Authority, in consultation with other national scientific authorities or, when appropriate, international scientific authorities, in respect of periods not exceeding one year for total numbers of specimens to be introduced in such periods.

Article V

Regulation of Trade in Specimens of Species Included in Appendix III

1. All trade in specimens of species included in Appendix III shall be in accordance with the provisions of this Article.

2. The export of any specimen of species included in Appendix III from any State which has included that species in Appendix III shall require the prior grant and presentation of an export permit. An export permit shall only be granted when the following conditions have been met:

a) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that the specimen was not obtained in contravention of the laws of that State for the protection of fauna and flora; and

b) a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any living specimen will be so prepared and shipped as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.

3. The import of any specimen of a species included in Appendix III shall require, except in circumstances to which paragraph 4 of this Article applies, the prior presentation of a certificate of origin and, where the import is from a State which has included that species in Appendix III, an export permit.

4. In the case of re-export, a certificate granted by the Management Authority of the State of re-export that the specimen was processed in that State or is being re-exported shall be accepted by the State of import as evidence that the provisions of the present Convention have been complied with in respect of the specimen concerned.

Article VI

Permits and Certificates

1. Permits and certificates granted under the provisions of Articles III, IV, and V shall be in accordance with the provisions of this Article.

2. An export permit shall contain the information specified in the model set forth in Appendix IV, and may only be used for export within a period of six months from the date on which it was granted.

3. Each permit or certificate shall contain the title of the present Convention, the name and any identifying stamp of the Management Authority granting it and a control number assigned by the Management Authority.

4. Any copies of a permit or certificate issued by a Management Authority shall be clearly marked as copies only and no such copy may be used in place of the original, except to the extent endorsed thereon.

5. A separate permit or certificate shall be required for each consignment of specimens.

6. A Management Authority of the State of import of any specimen shall cancel and retain the export permit or re-export certificate and any corresponding import permit presented in respect of the import of that specimen.

7. Where appropriate and feasible a Management Authority may affix a mark upon any specimen to assist in identifying the specimen. For these purposes (mark( means any indelible imprint, lead seal or other suitable means of identifying a specimen, designed in such a way as to render its imitation by unauthorised persons as difficult as possible.

Article VII

Exemptions and Other Special Provisions Relating to Trade

1. The provisions of Articles III, IV and V shall not apply to the transit or transhipment of specimens through or in the territory of a Party while the specimens remain in Customs control.

2. Where a Management Authority of the State of export or re-export is satisfied that a specimen was acquired before the provisions of the present Convention applied to that specimen, the provisions of Articles III, IV and V shall not apply to that specimen where the Management Authority issues a certificate to that effect.

3. The provisions of Articles III, IV and V shall not apply to specimens that are personal or household effects. This exemption shall not apply where:

a) in the case of specimens of a species included in Appendix I, they were acquired by the owner outside his State of usual residence, and are being imported into that State; or

a) in the case of specimens of species included in Appendix II:

i) they were acquired by the owner outside his State of usual residence and in a State where removal from the wild occurred;

ii) they are being imported into the owner`s State of usual residence; and

iii) the State where removal from the wild occurred requires the prior grant of export permits before any export of such specimens;

unless a Management Authority is satisfied that the specimens were acquired before the provisions of the present Convention applied to such specimens.

4. Specimens of an animal species included in Appendix I bred in captivity for commercial purposes, or of a plant species included in Appendix I artificially propagated for commercial purposes, shall be deemed to be specimens of species included in Appendix II.

5. Where a Management Authority of the State of export is satisfied that any specimen of an animal species was bred in captivity or any specimen of a plant species was artificially propagated, or is a part of such an animal or plant or was derived therefrom, a certificate by that Management Authority to that effect shall be accepted in lieu of any of the permits or certificates required under the provisions of Article III, IV or V.

6. The provisions of Articles III, IV and V shall not apply to the non-commercial loan, donation or exchange between scientists or scientific institutions registered by a Management Authority of their State, of herbarium specimens, other preserved, dried or embedded museum specimens, and live plant material which carry a label issued or approved by a Management Authority.

7. A Management Authority of any State may waive the requirements of Articles III, IV and V and allow the movement without permits or certificates of specimens which form part of a travelling zoo, circus, menagerie, plant exhibition or other travelling exhibition provided that:

a) the exporter or importer registers full details of such specimens with that Management Authority;

b) the specimens are in either of the categories specified in paragraph 2 or 5 of this Article; and

c) the Management Authority is satisfied that any living specimen will be so transported and cared for as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.

Article VIII

Measures to Be Taken by the Parties

1. The Parties shall take appropriate measures to enforce the provisions of the present Convention and to prohibit trade in specimens in violation thereof. these shall include measures:

a) to penalize trade in, or possession of, such specimens, or both; and

b) to provide for the confiscation or return to the State of export of such specimens.

2. In addition to the measures taken under paragraph 1 of this Article, a Party may, when it deems it necessary, provide for any method of internal reimbursement for expenses incurred as a result of the confiscation of a specimen traded in violation of the measures taken in the application of the provisions of the present Convention.

3. As far as possible, the Parties shall ensure that specimens shall pass through any formalities required for trade with a minimum of delay. To facilitate such passage, a Party may designate ports of exit and ports of entry at which specimens must be presented for clearance. The Parties shall ensure further that all living specimens, during any period of transit, holding or shipment, are properly cared for so as to minimize the risk of injury, damage to health or cruel treatment.

4. Where a living specimen is confiscated as a result of measures referred to in paragraph 1 of this Article:

a) the specimen shall be entrusted to a Management Authority of the State of confiscation;

b) the Management Authority shall, after consultation with the State of export, return the specimen to that State at the expense of that State, or to a rescue centre or such other place as the Management Authority deems appropriate and consistent with the purposes of the present Convention; and

c) the Management Authority may obtain the advice of a Scientific Authority, or may, wherever it considers it desirable, consult the Secretariat in order to facilitate the decision under sub-paragraph (b) of this paragraph, including the choice of a rescue centre or other place.

5. A rescue centre as referred to in paragraph 4 of this Article means an institution designated by a Management Authority to look after the welfare of living specimens, particularly those that have been confiscated.

6. Each Party shall maintain records of trade in specimens of species included in Appendices I, II and III which shall cover:

a) the names and addresses of exporters and importers; and

b) the number and type of permits and certificates granted; the States with which such trade occurred; the numbers or quantities and types of specimens, names of species as included in Appendices I, II and III and, where applicable, the size and sex of the specimens in question.

7. Each Party shall prepare periodic reports on its implementation of the present Convention and shall transmit to the Secretariat:

a) an annual report containing a summary of the information specified in sub-paragraph 6 of this Article; and

b) a biennial report on legislative, regulatory and administrative measures taken to enforce the provisions of the present Convention.

8. The information referred to in paragraph 7 of this Article shall be available to the public where this is not inconsistent with the law of the Party concerned.

Article IX

Management and Scientific Authorities

1. Each Party shall designate for the purposes of the present Convention:

a) one or more Management Authorities competent to grant permits or certificates on behalf of that Party; and

b) one or more Scientific Authorities.

2. A State depositing an instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession shall at that time inform the Depositary Government of the name and address of the Management Authority authorized to communicate with other Parties and with the Secretariat.

3. Any changes in the designations or authorizations under the provisions of this Article shall be communicated by the Party concerned to the Secretariat for transmission to all other Parties.

4. Any Management Authority referred to in paragraph 2 of this Article shall, if so requested by the Secretariat or the Management Authority of another Party, communicate to it impression of stamps, seals or other devices used to authenticate permits or certificates.

Article X

Trade with States not Party to the Convention

Where export or re-export is to, or import is from, a State not a Party to the present Convention, comparable documentation issued by the competent authorities in that State which substantially conforms with the requirements of the present Convention for permits and certificates may be accepted in lieu thereof by any Party.

Article XI

Conference of the Parties

1. The Secretariat shall call a meeting of the Conference of the Parties not later than two years after the entry into force of the present Convention.

2. Thereafter the Secretariat shall convene regular meetings at least once every two years, unless the Conference decides otherwise, and extraordinary meetings at any time on the written request of at least one-third of the Parties.

3. At meetings, whether regular or extraordinary, the Parties shall review the implementation of the present Convention and may:

a) make such provision as may be necessary to enable the Secretariat to carry out its duties, and adopt financial provisions;

b) consider and adopt amendments to Appendices I and II in accordance with Article XV;

c) review the progress made towards the restoration and conservation of the species included in Appendices I, II and III;

d) receive and consider any reports presented by the Secretariat or by any Party; and

e) where appropriate, make recommendations for improving the effectiveness of the present Convention.

4. At each regular meeting, the Parties may determine the time and venue of the next regular meeting to be held in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 of this Article.

5. At any meeting, the Parties may determine and adopt rules of procedure for the meeting.

6. The United Nations, its Specialized Agencies and the International Atomic Energy Agency, as well as any State not a Party to the present Convention, may be represented at meetings of the Conference by observers, who shall have the right to participate but not to vote.

7. Any body or agency technically qualified in protection, conservation or management of wild fauna and flora, in the following categories, which has informed the Secretariat of its desire to be represented at meetings of the Conference by observers, shall be admitted unless at least one-third of the Parties present object:

a) international agencies or bodies, either governmental or non-governmental, and national governmental agencies and bodies; and

b) national non-governmental agencies or bodies which have been approved for this purpose by the State in which they are located.

Once admitted, these observers shall have the right to participate but not to vote.

Article XII

The Secretariat

1. Upon entry into force of the present Convention, a Secretariat shall be provided by the Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme. To the extend and in the manner he considers appropriate, he may be assisted by suitable inter-governmental or non-governmental international or national agencies and bodies technically qualified in protection, conservation and management of wild fauna and flora.

2. The functions of the Secretariat shall be:

a) to arrange for and service meetings of the Parties;

b) to perform the functions entrusted to it under the provisions of Articles XV and XVI of the present Convention;

c) to undertake scientific and technical studies in accordance with programmes authorized by the Conference of the Parties as will contribute to the implementation of the present Convention, including studies concerning standards for appropriate preparation and shipment of living specimens and the means of identifying specimens;

d) to study reports of Parties and to request from Parties such further information with respect thereto as it deems necessary to ensure implementation of the present Convention;

e) to invite the attention of the Parties to any matter pertaining to the aims of the present Convention;

f) to publish periodically and distribute to the Parties current editions of Appendices I, II and III together with any information which will facilitate identification of specimens of species included in those Appendices;

g) to prepare annual reports to the Parties on its work and on the implementation of the present Convention and such other reports as meetings of the Parties may request;

h) to make recommendations for the implementation of the aims and provisions of the present Convention, including the exchange of information of a scientific or technical nature;

i) to perform any other function as may be entrusted to it by the Parties.

Article XIII

International Measures

1. When the Secretariat in the light of information received is satisfied that any species included in Appendix I or II is being affected adversely by trade in specimens of that species or that the provisions of the present Convention are not being effectively implemented, it shall communicate such information to the authorized Management Authority of the Party or Parties concerned.

2. When any Party receives a communication as indicated in paragraph 1 of this Article, it shall, as soon as possible, inform the Secretariat of any relevant facts insofar as its laws permit and, where appropriate, propose remedial action. Where the Party considers that an inquiry is desirable, such inquiry may be carried out by one or more persons expressly authorized by the Party.

3. The information provided by the Party or resulting from any inquiry as specified in paragraph 2 of this Article shall be reviewed by the next Conference of the Parties which may make whatever recommendations it deems appropriate.

Article XIV

Effect on Domestic Legislation and International Conventions

1. The provisions of the present Convention shall in no way affect the right of Parties to adopt:

a) stricter domestic measures regarding the conditions for trade, taking, possession or transport of specimens of species included in Appendices I, II and III, or the complete prohibition thereof; or

b) domestic measures restricting or prohibiting trade, taking, possession or transport of species not included in Appendix I, II or III.

2. The provisions of the present Convention shall in no way affect the provisions of any domestic measures or the obligations of Parties deriving from any treaty, convention, or international agreement relating to other aspects of trade, taking, possession or transport of specimens which is in force or subsequently may enter into force for any Party including any measure pertaining to the Customs, public health, veterinary or plant quarantine fields.

3. The provisions of the present Convention shall in on way affect the provisions of, or the obligations deriving from, any treaty, convention or international agreement concluded or which may be concluded between States creating a union or regional trade agreement establishing or maintaining a common external Customs control and removing Customs control between the parties thereto insofar as they relate to trade among the States members of that union or agreement.

4. A State party to the present Convention, which is also a party to any other treaty, convention or international agreement which is in force at the time of the coming into force of the present Convention and under the provisions of which protection is afforded to marine species included in Appendix II, shall be relieved of the obligations imposed on it under the provisions of the present Convention with respect to trade in specimens of species included in Appendix II that are taken by ships registered in that State and in accordance with the provisions of such other treaty, convention or international agreement.

5. Notwithstanding the provisions of Articles III, VI and V, any export of a specimen taken in accordance with paragraph 4 of this Article shall only require a certificate from a Management Authority of the State of introduction to the effect that the specimen was taken in accordance with the provisions of the other treaty, convention or international agreement in question.

6. Nothing in the present Convention shall prejudice the codification and development of the law of the sea by the United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea convened pursuant to Resolution 2740 C (XXV) of the General Assembly of the United Nations nor the present or future claims and legal views of any State concerning the law of the sea and the nature and extent of coastal and flag State jurisdiction.

Article XV

Amendments to Appendices I and II

1. The following provisions shall apply in relation to amendments to Appendices I and II at meetings of the Conference of the Parties:

a) Any Party may propose an amendment to Appendix I or II for consideration at the next meeting. The text of the proposed amendment shall be communicated to the Secretariat at least 150 days before the meeting. The Secretariat shall consult the other Parties and interested bodies on the amendment in accordance with the provisions of sub-paragraphs (b) and (c) of paragraph 2 of this Article and shall communicate the response to all Parties not later than 30 days before the meeting.

b) Amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of Parties present and voting. For these purposes ‘‘Parties present and voting’’ means Parties present and casting an affirmative or negative vote. Parties abstaining from voting shall not be counted among the two-thirds required for adopting an amendment.

c) Amendments adopted at a meeting shall enter into force 90 days after that meeting for all Parties except those which make a reservation in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article.

2. The following provisions shall apply in relation to amendments to Appendices I and II between meetings of the Conference of the Parties:

a) Any Party may propose an amendment to Appendix I or II for consideration between meetings by the postal procedures set forth in this paragraph.

b) For marine species, the Secretariat shall, upon receiving the text of the proposed amendment, immediately communicate it to the Parties. It shall also consult inter-governmental bodies having a function in relation to those species especially with a view to obtaining scientific data these bodies may be able to provide and to ensuring co-ordination with any conservation measures enforced by such bodies. The Secretariat shall communicate the views expressed and data provided by these bodies and its own findings and recommendations to the Parties as soon as possible.

c) For species other than marine species, the Secretariat shall, upon receiving the text of the proposed amendment, immediately communicate it to the Parties, and, as soon as possible thereafter, its own recommendations.

d) Any Party may, within 60 days of the date on which the Secretariat communicated its recommendations to the Parties under subparagraph (b) or (c) of this paragraph, transmit to the Secretariat any comments on the proposed amendment together with any relevant scientific data and information.

e) The Secretariat shall communicate the replies received together with its own recommendations to the Parties as soon as possible.

f) If on objection to the proposed amendment is received by the Secretariat with 30 days of the date the replies and recommendations were communicated under the provisions of subparagraph (e) of this paragraph, the amendment shall enter into force 90 days later for all Parties except those which make a reservation in accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article.

g) If an objection by any Party is received by the Secretariat, the proposed amendment shall be submitted to a postal vote in accordance with the provisions of sub-paragraphs (h), (I) and (j) of this paragraph.

h) The Secretariat shall notify the Parties that notification of objection has been received.

i) Unless the Secretariat receives the votes for, against or in abstention from at least one-half of the Parties within 60 days of the date of notification under sub-paragraph (h) of this paragraph, the proposed amendment shall be referred to the next meeting of the Conference for further consideration.

j) Provided that votes are received from one-half of the Parties, the amendment shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of Parties of the result of the vote.

k) The Secretariat shall notify all Parties of the result of the vote.

l) If the proposed amendment is adopted it shall enter into force 90 days after the date of the notification by the Secretariat of its acceptance for all Parties except those which make a reservation accordance with paragraph 3 of this Article.

3. During the period of 90 days provided for by subparagraph (c) of paragraph 1 or sub-paragraph (l) of paragraph 2 of this Article any Party may by notification in writing to the Depositary Government make a reservation with respect to the amendment. Until such reservation is withdrawn the Party shall be treated as a State not a Party to the present Convention with respect to trade in the species concerned.

Article XVI

Appendix III and Amendments thereto

1. Any Party may at anytime submit to the Secretariat a list of species which it identifies as being subject to regulation within its jurisdiction for the purpose mentioned in paragraph 3 of Article II. Appendix III shall include the names of the Parties submitting the species for inclusion therein, the scientific names of the species so submitted, and any parts or derivatives of the animals or plants concerned that are specified in relation to the species for the purposes of sub-paragraph (b) of Article I.

2. Each list submitted under the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall be communicated to the Parties by the Secretariat as soon as possible after receiving it. The list shall take effect as part of Appendix III 90 days after the date of such communication. At any time after the communication of such list, any Party may by notification in writing to the Depositary Government enter a reservation with respect to any species or any parts or derivatives, and until such reservation is withdrawn, the State shall be treated as a State not a Party to the present Convention with respect to trade in the species or part or derivative concerned.

3. A Party which has submitted a species for inclusion in Appendix III may withdraw it at any time by notification to the Secretariat which shall communicate the withdrawal to all Parties. The withdrawal shall take effect 30 days after the date of such communication.

4. Any Party submitting a list under the provisions of paragraph 1 of this Article shall submit to the Secretariat a copy of all domestic laws and regulations applicable to the protection of such species, together with any interpretations which the Party may deem appropriate of the Secretariat may request. The Party shall, for as long as the species in question is included in Appendix III, submit any amendments of such laws and regulations or any interpretations as they are adopted.

Article XVII

Amendment of the Convention

1. An extraordinary meeting of the Conference of the Parties shall be convened by the Secretariat on the written request of at east one-third of the Parties to consider and adopt amendments to the present Convention. Such amendments shall be adopted by a two-thirds majority of Parties present and voting. For these purposes ‘‘Parties present and voting’’ means Parties present and casting and affirmative or negative vote. Parties abstaining from voting shall not be counted among the two-thirds required for adopting an amendment.

2. The text of any proposed amendment shall be communicated by the Secretariat to all Parties at least 90 days before the meeting.

3. An amendment shall enter into force for the Parties which have accepted it 60 days after two-thirds of the Parties have deposited an instrument of acceptance of the amendment with the Depositary Government. Thereafter, the amendment shall enter into force for any other Party 60 days after that Party deposits its instrument of acceptance of the amendment.

Article XVIII

Resolution of Disputes

1. Any dispute which may arise between two or more Parties with respect to the interpretation of application of the provisions of the present Convention shall be subject to negotiation between the Parties involved in the dispute.

2. If the dispute can not be resolved in accordance with paragraph 1 of this Article, the Parties may, by mutual consent, submit the dispute to arbitration, in particular that of the Permanent Court of Arbitration at The Hague, and the Parties submitting the dispute shall be bound by the arbitral decision.

Article XIX

Signature

The present Convention shall be open for signature at Washington until 30th April 1973 and thereafter at Berne until 31st December 1974.

Article XX

Ratification, Acceptance, Approval

The present Convention shall be subject to ratification, acceptance or approval. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval shall be deposited with the Government of the Swiss Confederation which shall be the Depositary Government.

Article XXI

Accession

The present Convention shall be open indefinitely for accession. Instruments of accession shall be deposited with the Depositary Government.

Article XXII

Entry into Force

1. The present Convention shall enter into force 90 days after the date of deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, with the Depositary Government.

2. For each State which ratifies, accepts or approves the present Convention or accedes thereto after the deposit of the tenth instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, the present Convention shall enter into force 90 days after the deposit by such State of its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession.

Article XXIII

Reservations

1. The provisions of the present Convention shall not be subject to general reservations. Specific reservations may be entered in accordance with the provisions of this Article and Articles XV and XVI.

2. Any State may, on depositing its instrument of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, enter a specific reservation with regard to:

a) any species included in Appendix I, II or III; or

b) any parties or derivatives specified in relation to a species included in Appendix III.

3. Until a Party withdraws its reservation entered under the provisions of this Article, it shall be treated as a State not a Party to the present Convention with respect to trade in the particular species or parts or derivatives specified in such reservation.

Article XXIV

Denunciation

Any Party may denounce the present Convention by written notification to the Depositary Governmental any time. the denunciation shall take effect twelve months after the Depositary Government has received the notification.

Article XXV

Depositary

1. The original of the present Convention, in the Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish languages, each version being equally authentic, shall be deposited with the Depositary Government, which shall transmit certified copies thereof to all States that have signed it or deposited instruments of accession to it.

2. The Depositary government shall inform all signatory and acceding States and the Secretariat of signature, deposit of instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession, entry into force of the present Convention, amendments thereto, entry and withdrawal of reservations and notifications of denunciation.

3. As soon as the present Convention enters into force, a certified copy thereof shall be transmitted by the Depositary Government to the Secretariat of the United Nations for registration and publication in accordance with Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations.

In witness whereof the undersigned Plenipotentiaries, being duly authorized to that effect, have signed the present Convention.

Done at Washington this third day of March, One Thousand Nine Hundred and Seventy-three.

APPENDICES I AND II

as adopted by the Conference of the Parties, valid from 16 February 1995

INTERPRETATION

1. Species included in these appendices are referred to:

a) by the name of the species; or

b) as being all of the species included in a higher taxon or designated part thereof.

2. The abbreviation "spp." is used to denote all species of a higher taxon.

3. Other references to taxa higher than species are for the purposes of information or classification only.

4. The abbreviation "p.e." is used to denote species that are possibly extinct.

5. An asterisk (*) placed against the name of a species or higher taxon indicates that one or more geographically separate populations, subspecies or species of that species or taxon are included in Appendix II and are excluded from Appendix II.

6. Two asterisks (**) placed against the name of a species or higher taxon indicate that one or more geographically separate populations, subspecies or species of that species or taxon are included in Appendix I and are excluded form Appendix II.

7. The symbol (-) followed by a number placed against the name of a species or higher taxon denotes that designated geographically separate populations, species, groups of species or families of that species or taxon are excluded form the appendix concerned, as follows:

-101	Population of West Greenland
-102	Populations of Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan
-103	Population of Australia
-104	Population of the United States of America
-105	- Chile: part of the population of Parinacota Province, Ia. Region of Tarapaca
	- Peru: the whole population
-106	Populations of Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan
-107	Cathartidae
-108	Melopsittacus undulatus , Nymphicus hollandicus and Psittacula krameri
-109	Population of Ecuador, subject to zero export quotas in 1995 and 1996 and then annual	export	quotas as approved by the CITES Secretariat and the IUCN/SSC Crocodile	Specialist Group
-110	Populations of Botswana, Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe, and populations of the following countries subject to the specified annual export quotas:

	1995	1996	1997
Madagascar	4.700	5.200	5.00
(ranched specimens:	4.500	5.000	5.000
wild nuisance specimens:	200	200	200)
Uganda	2.500	2.500	2.500

Apart from ranched specimens, the United Republic of Tanzania will authorize the export of no more that 1100 wild specimens (including 100 hunting trophies) in 1995 and 1996, and a number to be approved by the CITES Secretariat and the IUCN/SSC Crocodile Specialist Group in 1997

-111	Populations of Australia, Indonesia and Papua New Guinea
-112	Population of Chile
-113	All species that are not succulent
-114	Aloe vera, also referenced as Aloe barbadensis

8. The symbol (+) followed by a number placed against the name of a species or higher taxon denotes that only designated geographically separate populations, subspecies or species of that species or taxon are included in the appendix concerned, as follows:

+201	Populations of Bhutan, India, Nepal and Pakistan
+202	Populations of Bhutan, China, Mexico and Mongolia
+203	Populations of Cameroon and Nigeria
+204	Population of Asia
+205	Populations of Central and North America
+206	Populations of Bangladesh, India and Thailand
+207	Population of India
+208	Population of Australia
+209	Population of South Africa
+210	- Chile: part of the population of Parinacota Province, Ia. Region of Tarapaca
	- Peru: the whole population
+211	Populations of Afghanistan, Bhutan, India, Myanmar, Nepal and Pakistan
+212	Population of Mexico
+213	Populations of Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, the Central African Republic, Chad, Mali,	Mauritania, Morocco, the Niger, Nigeria, Senegal and the Sudan
+214	Population of Seychelles
+215	Population of Europe, except the area which formerly constituted the Union of Soviet	Socialist Republics
+216	All species of New Zealand
+217	Population of Chile

9. The symbol (=) followed by a number placed against the name of a species or higher taxon denotes that the name of that species or taxon shall be interpreted as follows:

=301	Also referenced as Phalanger maculatus
=302	Includes family Tupaiidae
=303	Formerly included in family Lemuridae
=304	Formerly included as subspecies of Callithrix jacchus
=305	Includes generic synonym Leontideus
=306	Formerly included in species Saguinus oedipus
=307	Formerly included as Aloutta palliata (villosa)
=308	Includes synonym Cercopithecus roloway
=309	Formerly included in genus Papio
=310	Includes generic synonym Simias
=311	Includes synonym Colobus badius kirkii
=312	Includes synonym Colobus badius rufomitratus
=313	Includes generic synonym Rhinopithecus
=314	Also referenced as Presbytis entellus
=315	Also referenced as Presbytis geei and Semnopithecus geei
=316	Also referenced as Presbytis pileata and Semnopithecus pileatus
=317	Includes synonyms Bradypus boliviensis and Bradypus griseus
=318	Includes synonym Priodontes giganteus
=319	Includes synonm Physeter macrocephalus
=320	Includes synonym Eschrichtius glaucus
=321	Formerly included in genus Balaena
=322	Formerly included in genus Dusicyon
=323	Includes synonym Dusicyon fulvipes
=324	Includes generic synonym Fennecus
=325	Also referenced as Selenarctos thibetanus
=326	Also referenced as Aonyx microdon or Paraonyx microdon
=327	Formerly included in genus Lutra
=328	Formerly included in genus Lutra ; includes synonyms Lutra annectens , Lutra enudris , Lutra incarum and Lutra platensis
=329	Includes synonym Eupleres major
=330	Also referenced as Hyaena brunnea
=331	Also referenced as Felis caracal and Lynx caracal
=332	Formerly included in genus Felis
=333	Alos referenced as Felis pardina or Felis Iynx pardina
=334	Formerly included in genus Panthera
=335	Also referenced as Equus asinus
=336	Formerly included in species Equus hemionus
=337	Also referenced as Equus caballus przewalskii
=338	Also referenced as Choeropsis liberiensis
=339	Also referenced as Cervus porcinus annamiticus
=340	Also referenced as Cervus porcinus calamianesis
=341	Also referenced as Cervus porcinus kuhlii
=342	Also referenced as Cervus dama mesopotemicus
=343	Includes synonym Bos frontalis
=344	Includes synonym Bos grunniens
=345	Includes generic synonym Novibos
=346	Includes generic synonym Anoa
=347	Formerly included in species Naemorhedus goral
=349	Also referenced as Capricornis sumatraensis
=350	Includes synonym Oryx tao
=351	Includes synonym Ovis aries ophion
=352	Also referenced as Rupicapra rupciapra ornata
=353	Also referenced as Pterocnemtia pennata
=354	Also referenced as Sula abbotti
=355	Also referenced as Ciconia ciconia boyciana
=356	Includes synonyms Anas chlorotis and Anas nesiotis
=357	Also referenced as Anas platyrhynchos Iaysanensis
=358	Probably a hybrid between Anas platyrhynchos and Anas superciliosa
=359	Also referenced as Aquila heliaca adalberti
=360	Also referenced as Chondrohierax wilsonii
=361	Also referenced as Falco peregrinus babylonicyus and Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides
=362	Also referenced as Crax mitu mitu
=363	Formerly included in genus Aburria
=364	Formerly included in species Crossoptilon crossoptilon
=365	Formerly included in species Polyplectron malacense
=366	Inculdes synonym Rheinardia nigrescens
=367	Also referenced as Tricholimnas sylvestris
=368	Also referenced as Choriotis nigriceps
=369	Also referenced as Houbaropsis bengalensis
=370	Also referenced as Amazona dufresniana rhodocorytha
=371	Often traded under the incorrect designation Ara caninde
=372	Also referenced as Cyanoramphus novaezelandiae cookii
=373	Also referenced as Opositta diophthalma coxeni
=374	Also referenced as Pezoporus occidentalis
=375	Formerly included in species Psephotus chrysopterygius
=376	Also referenced as Psittacula krameri echo
=377	Formerly included in genus Gallirex ; also referenced as Tauraco porphyreolophus
=378	Also referenced as Otus gurneyi
=379	Also referenced as Ninox novaeseelandiae royana
=380	Formerly included in genus Glaucis
=381	Includes geeric synonym Ptilolaemus
=382	Formerly included in genus Rhinoplax
=383	Also referenced as Pitta braxhyura nympha
=384	Also referenced as Muscicapa ruecki or Niltava ruecki
=385	Also referenced as Dasyornis brachypterus longirostris
=386	Also referenced as Meliphaga cassidix
=387	Formerly included in genus Spinus
=388	Formerly included as Kachuga tecta tecta
=389	Includes generic synonyms Nicoria and Geoemyda (part)
=390	Also referenced as Geochelone elephantopus ; also referenced in genus Testudo
=391	Also referenced in genus Testudo
=392	Also referenced in genus Aspideretes
=393	Formerly included in Podocnemis spp.
=394	Includes Alligatoriade, Crocodylidae and Gavialidae
=395	Also referenced as Crocodylus mindorensis
=396	Formerly included in Chamaeleo spp.
=397	Also referenced as Constrictor constrictor occidentalis
=398	Includes synonym Python molurus pimbura
=399	Includes synonym Pseudeboa cloelia
=400	Also referenced as Hydrodynastes gigas
=401	Includes generic synonym Megalobatrachus
=402	Sensu D'Abrera
=403	Also referenced as Conchodromus dromas
=404	Includes generic synonym Proptera
=406	Also referenced in genus Carunculina
=407	Also referenced as Megalonaias nickliniana
=408	Also referenced as Cyrtonaias tampicoensis tecomatensis and Lampsilis tampicoensis tecomatensis
=409	Includes generic synonym Micromya
=410	Includes generic synonym Papuina
=411	Includes only the family Helioporidae with one species Heliopora coerulea
=412	Also referenced as Podophyllum emodi and Sinopodophyllum hexandrum
=413	Also referenced in genus Echinocactus
=414	Also referenced as Lobeira macdougallii or Nopalxachia macdougallii
=415	Also referenced as Echinocereus lindsayi
=416	Also referenced as Wilcoxia schmollii
=417	Also referenced in genus Coryphantha
=418	Also referenced as Solisia pectinata
=419	Also referenced as Backebergia militaris
=420	Also referenced in genus Toumeya
=421	Includes synonym Ancistrocactus tobuschii
=422	Also referenced in genus Neolloydia or in genus Echinomastus
=423	Also referenced in genus Toumeya or in genus Pediocactus
=424	Also referenced in genus Neolloydia
=425	Also referenced as Saussurea lappa
=426	Includes Euphorbia cylindrifolia ssp. tuberifera
=427	Also referenced as Euphorbia capsaintemariensis var. tulearensis
=428	Also referenced as Engelhardia pterocarpa
=429	Includes Aloe compressa var. rugosquamosa and Aloe compressa var. schistophila
=430	Includes Aloe haworthioides var. aurantica
=431	Includes Aloe laeta var. maniaensis
=432	Includes families Apostasianceae and Cypripediaceae as subfamilies Apostasioideae and Cypripedioideae
=433	Also referenced as Sarracenia rubra alabamensis
=434	Also referenced as Sarracenia rubra jonesii
=435	Includes synonym Stangeria paradoxa
=436	Also referenced as Taxus baccata ssp. willichiana
=437	Includes synonym Welwitschia bainesii

10. The symbol (°) followed by a number placed against the name of a species or higher taxon shall be interpreted as follows:

°501	Specimens of the domesticated form are not subject to the provisions of the Convention
°502	Annual export quotas for live specimens and hunting trophies are granted as follows:
Botswana:	5
Namibia:	150
Zimbabwe:	50
	The trade in such specimens is subject to the provisions of Article III of the Convention
°503	For the exclusive purpose of allowing international trade in live animals to appropriate and acceptable destinations and hunting trophies
°504	For the exclusive purpose of allowing international trade in wool sheared from live vicugnas of the populations included in Appendix II (see +210) and in the extant stock in Peru of 3249 kg of wool, and in cloth and items made thereof. The reverse side of the cloth must bear the logotype adopted by the range States of the species, which are signatories to the Convenio para la Conservaci-n y Manejo de la Vicuña, and the selvages either the words VICU-ANDES-CHILE or the words VICU-ANDES-PERU, depending on the country of origin
°505	Fossils are not subject to the provisions of the Convention
°506	No exports of adult plants are permitted until the tenth meeting of the Conference of the Parties
°507	Seedling or tissue cultures obtained in vitro, in solid or liquid media, transported in sterile containers are not subject to the provisions of the Convention

11. In accordance with Article I, paragraph b, sub-paragraph (iii), of the Convention, the symbol (#) followed by a number placed against the name of a species or higher taxon included in Appendix II designates parts or derivatives which are specified in relation thereto for the purposes of the Conventions as follows:

#1 Designates all parts and derivatives, except:

a) seeds, spores and pollen (including pollinia); and

b) seedling or tissue cultures obtained in vitro , in solid or liquid media, transported in sterile containers

#2 Designates all parts and derivatives, except:

a) seeds and pollen;

b) seedling or tissue cultures obtained in vitro , in solid or liquid media, transported in sterile containers; and

c) chemical derivatives

#3 Designates roots and readily recognizable parts thereof

#4 Designates all parts and derivatives, except:

a) seeds and pollen;

b) seedling or tissue cultures obtained in vitro , in solid or liquid media, transported in sterile containers;

c) fruits and parts and derivatives thereof of naturalized or artificially propagated plants; and

d) separate stem joints (pads) and parts and derivatives thereof of naturalized or artificially propagated plants of the genus Opuntia subgenus Opuntia

#5 Designates saw-logs, sawn wood and veneers

#6 Designates logs, wood-chips and unprocessed broken material

#7 Designates all parts and derivatives, except:

a) seeds and pollen (including pollinia);

b) seedling or tissue cultures obtained in vitro , in solid or liquid media, transported in sterile containers;

c) cut flowers or artificially propagated plants; and

d) fruits and parts and derivatives thereof of artificially propagated plants of the genus Vanilla

#8 Designates all parts and derivatives, except:

a) seeds and pollen;

b) seedling or tissue cultures obtained in vitro , in solid or liquid media, transported in sterile containers; and

c) finished pharmaceutical products

12. As none of the species or higher taxa of FLORA included in Appendix I is annotated to the effect that its hybrids shall be treated in accordance with the provisions of Article III of the Convention, this means that artificially propagated hybrids produced from one or more of these species or taxa may be traded with a certificate of artificial propagation, and that seeds and pollen (including pollinia), cut flowers, seedling or tissue cultures obtained in vitro , in solid or liquid media, transported in sterile containers of these hybrids are not subject to the provisions of the Convention.

Appendices / Apˇndices / Annexes

APPENDIX III

valid from 16 November 1995

INTERPRETATION

1. References to taxa higher than species are for the purpose of information or classification only.

2. The symbol (+) followed by an number placed against the name of a species denotes that only designated geographically separate populations of that species are included in Appendix III as follows:

+218 All populations of the species in the Americas

3. The symbol (=) followed by a number placed against the name of a species denotes that the name of that species shall be interpreted as follows:

=438	Includes synonym Tamandua mexicana
=439	Includes synonym Cabassous gymnurus
=440	Includes generic synonym Coendou
=441	Includes generic synonym Cuniculus
=442	Includes synonym Vulpes vulpes Ieucopus
=443	Formerly included as Nasua nasua
=444	Includes synonym Galictis allamandi
=445	Includes synonym Martes gwatkinsi
=446	Includes generic synonym Viverra
=447	Formerly included as Viverra megaspila
=448	Formerly included as Herpestes auropunctatus
=449	Formerly included as Herpestes fuscus
=450	Formerly included as Bubalus bubalis (domesticated form)
=451	Also referenced as Boocercus eurycerus ; includes generic synonym Taurotragus
=452	Also referenced as Ardeola ibis
=453	Also referenced as Egretta alba
=454	Also referenced as Hagedashia hagedash
=455	Also referenced as Lampribis rara
=456	Also referenced as Spatula clypeata
=457	Also referenced as Nyroca nyroca
=458	Includes synonym Dendrocygna fulva
=459	Also referenced as Cairina hartlaubii
=460	Also referenced as Crax pauxi
=461	Formerly included as Arborophila brunneopectus (in part)
=462	Also referenced as Turturoena iriditorques ; formerly included as Columba malherbii (in part)
=463	Also referenced as Nesoenas mayeri
=464	Formerly included as Treron australis (in part)
=465	Also referenced as Calopelia brahmeri ; includes synonym Calopelia puella
=466	Also referenced as Tympanistria tympanistria
=467	Also referenced as Tchitrea bourbonnensis
=468	Formerly included as Serinus gularis (in part)
=469	Also referenced as Estrilda subflava or Sporaeginthus subflavus
=470	Formerly included as Lagonosticta larvata (in part)
=471	Includes generic synonym Spermestes
=472	Also referenced as Euodice cantans ; formerly included as Lonchura malabarica (in part)
=473	Also referenced as Hypargos nitidulus
=474	Formerly included as Parmoptila woodhousei (in part)
=475	Includes synonyms Pyrenestes frommi and Pyrenestes rothschildi
=476	Also referenced as Estrilda bengala
=477	Also referenced as Malimbus rubriceps or Anaplectes melanotis
=478	Also referenced as Coliuspasser ardens
=479	Formerly included as Euplectes orix (in part)
=480	Also referenced as Coliuspasser macrourus
=481	Also referenced as Ploceus superciliosus
=482	Includes synonym Ploceus nigriceps
=483	Also referenced as Sitagra luteola
=484	Also referenced as Sitara melanocephala
=485	Formerly included as Ploceus velatus
=486	Also referenced as Hypochera chalybeata ; includes synonyms Vidua amauropteryx , Vidua centralis , Vidua neumanni , Vidua okavangoensis and Vidua ultramarina
=487	Formerly included as Vidua paradisaea (in part)
=488	Also referenced as Pelusios subniger
=489	Formerly included in genus Natrix

4. The names of the countries placed against the names of species are those of the Parties submitting these species for inclusion in this appendix.

5. Any animal, whether live or dead, of a species listed in this appendix, is covered by the provisions of the Convention, as is any readily recognizable part or derivative thereof.

6. In accordance with Article I, paragraph (b), sub-paragraph (iii), of the Convention, the symbol (#) followed by a number placed against the name of a plant species included in Appendix III designates parts or derivatives which are specified in relation thereto for the purposes of the Convention as follows:

#1 Designates all readily recognizable parts and derivatives, except:

a) seeds, spores and pollen (including pollinia); and

b) seedling or tissue cultures obtained in vitro, in solid or liquid media, transported in sterile containers

#5 Designates saw-logs, sawn wood and veneers.

F A U N A

MAMMALIA
CHIROPTERA
Phyllostomidae	Vampyrops lineatus	Uruguay
EDENTATA
Myrmecophagidae	Tamandua tetradactyla =438	Guatemala
Megalonychidae	Cholopus hoffmanni	Costa Rica
Dasypodidae	Cabassous centralis	Costa Rica
	Cabassous tatouay =439	Uruguay
RODENTIA
Sciuridae	Epixerus ebii	Ghana
	Marmota caudata	India
	Marmota himalayana	India
	Sciurus deppei	Costa Rica
Anomaluridae	Anomalurus beecrofti	Ghana
	Anomalurus derbianus	Ghana
	Anomalurus pelii	Ghana
	Idiurus macrotis	Ghana
Hystricidae	Hystrix cristata	Ghana
Erethizontidae	Sphiggurus mexicanus =440	Honduras
	Sphiggurus spinosus =440	Uruguay
Agoutidae	Aqouti paca =441	Honduras
Dasyproctidae	Dasyprocta punctata	Honduras
CARNIVORA
Canidae	Canis aureus	India
	Vulpes bengalensis	India
	Vulpes vulpes griffithi	India
	Vulpes vulpes montana	India
	Vulpes vulpes pusilla =442	India
Procyonidae	Bassaricyon gabbi	Costa Rica
	Bassariscus sumichrasti	Costa Rica
	Nasua narica	Honduras
	Nasua nasua solitaria	Uruguay
	Potos flavus	Honduras
Mustelidae	Eira barbara	Honduras
	Gallictis vittata	Costa Rica
	Martes flavigula	India
	Martes foina intermedia	India
	Mellivora capensis	Botswana, Ghana
	Mustela altaica	India
	Mustela erminea ferganae	India
	Mustela kathiahindia
	Mustela sibirica	India
Viverridae	Arctitis binturong	India
	Civettictis civetta	Botswana
	Paguma larvata	India
	Paradoxurus hermaphroditus	India
	Paradoxurus jerdoni	India
	Viverra civettina	India
	Viverra zibetha	India
	Viverricula indica	India
Herpestidae	Herpestes javanicus auropunctata =448	India
	Herpestes edwardsi	India
	Herpestes brachyurus fusca =449	India
	Herpestes smithii	India
	Herpestes urva	India
	Herpestes vitticollis	India
Protelidae	Proteles cristatus	Botswana
PINNIPEDIA
Odobenidae	Odobenus rosmarus	Canada
ARTIODACTYLA
Tragulidae	Hyemoschus aquaticus	Ghana
Cervidae	Cervus elaphus barbarus	Tunisia
	Mozama americana cerasina	Guatemala
	Odocoileus virginianus mayensis	Guatemala
Bovidae	Antilope cervicapra	Nepal
	Bubalus arnee =450	Nepal
	Damaliscus lunatus	Ghana
	Gazella cuvieri	Tunisia
	Gazella dorcas	Tunisia
	Gazella leptoceros	Tunisia
	Tetracerus quadricornis	Nepal
	Tragelaphus eurycerus =451	Ghana
	Tragelaphus spekii	Ghana
AVES
CICONIIFORMES
Ardeidae	Ardea goliath	Ghana
	Bubulcus ibis =452	Ghana
	Casmerodius albus =453	Ghana
	Egretta garzetta	Ghana
Ciconiidae	Ephippiorhynchus senegalensis	Ghana
	Leptoptilos crumeniferus	Ghana
Threskiornithidae	Bostrychia hagedash	Ghana
	Bostrychia rara	Ghana
	Threskiornis aethiopicus	Ghana
ANSERIFORMES
Anatidae	Alopochen aegyptiacus	Ghana
	Anas acuta	Ghana
	Anas capensis	Ghana
	Anas clypeata =456	Ghana
	Anas crecca	Ghana
	Anas penelope	Ghana
	Anas querquedula	Ghana
	Aythya nyroca =457	Ghana
	Cairina moschata	Honduras
	Dendrocygna autumnalis	Honduras
	Dendrocygna bicolor =458	Ghana, Honduras
	Dendrocygna viduata	Ghana
	Nettapus auritius	Ghana
	Plectropterus gambensis	Ghana
	Pteronetta hartlaubii =459	Ghana
FALCONIFORMES
Cathartidae	Sarcoramphus papa	Honduras
GALLIFORMES
Cracidae	Crax alberti	Colombia
	Crax daubentoni	Colombia
	Crax globulosa	Colombia
	Crax rubra	Colombia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras
	Ortalis vetula	Guatemala, Honduras
	Pauxi pauxi =460	Colombia
	Penelope purpurascens	Honduras
	Penelopina nigra	Guatemala
Phasianidae	Agelastes meleagrides	Ghana
	Agriocharis ocellata	Guatemala
	Arborophila charltonii	Malaysia
	Arborophila orientalis =461	Malaysia
	Caloperdix oculea	Malaysia
	Lophura erythrophthalma	Malaysia
	Lophura ignita	Malaysia
	Melanoperdix nigra	Malaysia
	Polyplectron inopinatum	Malaysia
	Rhizothera longirostris	Malaysia
	Rollulus rouloul	Malaysia
	Tragopan satyra	Nepal
CHARADRIIFORMES
Burhinidae	Burhinus bistriatus	Guatemala
COLUMBIFORMES
Columbidae	Columba guinea	Ghana
	Columba iriditorques =462	Ghana
	Columba livia	Ghana
	Columba mayeri =463	Mauritius
	Columba unicincta	Ghana
	Oena capensis	Ghana
	Streptopelia decipiens	Ghana
	Streptopelia roseogrisea	Ghana
	Streptopelia semitorquata	Ghana
	Streptopelia senegalensis	Ghana
	Streptopelia turtur	Ghana
	Streptopelia vinacea	Ghana
	Treron calva =464	Ghana
	Treron waalia	Ghana
	Turtur abyssinicus	Ghana
	Turtur afer	Ghana
	Turtur brehmeri =465	Ghana
	Turtur tympanistria =466	Ghana
PSITTACIFORMES
Psittacidae	Psittacula krameri	Ghana
CUCULIFORMES
Musophagidae	Corytheola cristata	Ghana
	Crinifer piscator	Ghana
	Musophaga violacea	Ghana
PICIFORMES
Capitonidae	Semnornis ramphastinus	Colombia
Ramphastidae	Baillonius bailloni	Argentina
	Pteroglossus castanotis	Argentina
	Ramphastos dicolorus	Argentina
	Selenidera maculirostris	Argentina
PASSERIFORMES
Cotingidae	Cephalopterus ornatus	Colombia
	Cephalopterus penduliger	Colombia
Muscicapidae	Bebrornis rodericanus	Mauritius
	Terpsiphone bourbonnensis =467	Mauritius
Fringillidae	Serinus canicapillus	Ghana
	Serinus leucopygius	Ghana
	Serinus mozambicus	Ghana
Estrildidae	Amandina fasciata	Ghana
	Amandava subflava =469	Ghana
	Estrilda astrild	Ghana
	Estrilda caerulescens)	Ghana
	Estrilda melpoda	Ghana
	Estrilda troglodytes	Ghana
	Lagonosticta rara	Ghana
	Lagonosticta rubricata	Ghana
	Lagonosticta rufopicta	Ghana
	Lagonosticta senegala	Ghana
	Lagonosticta vinacea =470	Ghana
	Lonchura bicolor =471	Ghana
	Lonchura cantans =472	Ghana
	Lonchura cucullata =471	Ghana
	Lonchura fringilloides =471	Ghana
	Mandingoa nitidula =473	Ghana
	Nesocharis capistrata	Ghana
	Nigrita bicolor	Ghana
	Nigrita canicapilla	Ghana
	Nigrita fusconota	Ghana
	Nigrita luteifrons	Ghana
	Ortygospiza atricollis	Ghana
	Parmoptila rubifrons =474	Ghana
	Pholidornis rushiae	Ghana
	Pyrenestes ostrinus =475	Ghana
	Pytilia hypogrammica	Ghana
	Pytilia phoenicoptera	Ghana
	Spermophaga haematin	Ghana
	Uraeginthus bengalus =476	Ghana
Ploceidae	Amblyospiza albifrons	Ghana
	Anaplectes rubriceps =477	Ghana
	Anomalospiza imberbis	Ghana
	Bubalornis albirostris)	Ghana
	Euplectes afer	Ghana
	Euplectes ardenū =478	Ghana
	Euplectes franciscanus =479	Ghana
	Euplectes hordeaceus	Ghana
	Euplectes macrourus =480	Ghana
	Malimbus cassini	Ghana
	Malimbus malimbicus	Ghana
	Malimbus nitens	Ghana
	Malimbus rubricollis	Ghana
	Malimbus scutatus	Ghana
	Pachyphantes superciliosus =481	Ghana
	Passer griseus	Ghana
	Petronia dentata	Ghana
	Plocepasser superciliosus	Ghana
	Ploceus albinucha	Ghana
	Ploceus aurantius	Ghana
	Ploceus cucullatus =482	Ghana
	Ploceus heuglini	Ghana
	Ploceus luteolus =483	Ghana
	Ploceus melanocephalus =484	Ghana
	Ploceus nigerrimus	Ghana
	Ploceus nigricollis	Ghana
	Ploceus pelzelni	Ghana
	Ploceus preussi	Ghana
	Ploceus tricolor	Ghana
	Ploceus vitellinuū =485	Ghana
	Quelea erythrops	Ghana
	Sporopipes frontalis	Ghana
	Vidua chalybeata =486	Ghana
	Vidua interjecta	Ghana
	Vidua larvaticola	Ghana
	Vidua macroura	Ghana
	Vidua orientalis =487	Ghana
	Vidua raricola	Ghana
	Vidua togoensis	Ghana
	Vidua wilsoni	Ghana
Sturnidae	Gracula religiosa	Thailand
REPTILIA
TESTUDINATA
Trionychidae	Trionyx triunguis	Ghana
Pelomedusidae	Pelomedusa subrufa	Ghana
	Pelusios adansonii	Ghana
	Pelusios castaneus	Ghana
	Pelusios gabonensis =488	Ghana
	Pelusios niger	Ghana
SERPENTES
Colubridae	Atretium schistosum	India
	Cerberus rhynchops	India
	Xenochrophis piscator	India
Elapidae	Micrurus diastema	Honduras
	Micrurus nigrocinctus	Honduras
Viperidae	Agkistrodon bilineatus	Honduras
	Bothrops asper	Honduras
	Bothrops nasutus	Honduras
	Bothrops nummifer	Honduras
	Bothrops ophryomegas	Honduras
	Bothrops schlegelii	Honduras
	Crotalus durissus	Honduras
	Vipera russellii	India
FLORA
GNETACEAE	Gnetum montanum #1	Nepal
MAGNOLIACEAE	Talauma hodgsonii	Nepal
MELIACEAE	Swietenia macrophylla +218 #5	Costa Rica
PAPAVERACEAE	Meconopsis regia #1	Nepal
PODOCARPACEAE	Podocarpus neriifolius	Nepal
TETRACENTRACEAE	Tetracentron sinense	Nepal